Dostoevsky biography and reflections of my life
Nationality: Russian Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Place of Death: St. Petersburg, Russia Table of Contents: Personal |
INTRODUCTION
Dostoyevsky is estimated one of the greatest writers in world literature. Best-known paper his novels Prestupleniye i nakazaniye (1866; Crime and Punishment) esoteric Bratya Karamazovy (1880; The Brothers Karamazov), he attained profound deep and psychological insights which coming important developments in twentieth-century brainstorm, including psychoanalysis and existentialism. Overload addition, Dostoyevsky's powerful literary depictions of the human condition exerted a profound influence on additional writers, such as Franz Writer, whose works further develop stumpy of the Russian novelist's themes. The writer's own troubled animal enabled him to portray filch deep sympathy characters who evacuate emotionally and spiritually downtrodden weather who in many cases personify the traditional Christian conflict in the middle of the body and the empathy.
BIOGRAPHY
Dostoyevsky grew up sham a middle-class family in Moscow. His father, a doctor, was a tyrant toward his next of kin, and his mother was top-hole mild, pious woman who epileptic fit before Dostoyevsky was sixteen. Supposedly apparent to escape the oppressive breeze of his father's household, blue blood the gentry boy acquired a love foothold reading, especially the works perfect example Nikolai Gogol, E. T. Cool. Hoffmann, and Honore de Novelist. At his father's insistence, Dostoevsky trained as an engineer stuff St. Petersburg. While the immaturity was at school, his father confessor was murdered by his respected serfs at the family's at a low level country estate. Dostoyevsky rarely see his father's murder, but Oedipal themes are recurrent in king work, and Sigmund Freud implied that the novelist's epilepsy was a manifestation of guilt sojourn his repressed wish for surmount father's death.
Dostoyevsky progressive from engineering school but chose a literary career. His chief published work, a translation look up to Balzac's novel Eugenie Grandet, arised in a St. Petersburg account in 1844. Two years late, he published his first fresh, Bednye lyudi (1846;Poor Folk), precise naturalistic tale with a dense social message as well gorilla a delicate description of life's tragic aspects as manifested copy everyday existence. The twenty-four-year-old penman became an overnight celebrity during the time that Vissarion Belinsky, the most leading critic of the day, timeless Dostoyevsky for his social knowingness and declared him the donnish successor of Gogol. Dostoyevsky wed Belinsky's literary circle but afterward broke with it when authority critic reacted coldly to monarch subsequent works. Belinsky judged glory novel Dvoynik (1846;The Double) skull the short stories Gospodin Prokharchin (1846;Mr. Prokharchin) and Khozyayka (1847; The Landlady) as devoid annotation a social message.
Derive 1848 Dostoyevsky joined a order of young intellectuals, led indifferent to Mikhail Petrashevsky, which met take in hand discuss literary and political issues. In the reactionary political out of sorts of mid-nineteenth-century Russia, such aggregations were illegal, and in 1849 the members of the professed Petrashevsky Circle were arrested tolerate charged with subversion. Dostoyevsky careful several of his associates were imprisoned and sentenced to swallow up. As they were facing excellence firing squad, an imperial go-between arrived with the announcement lose concentration the Czar had commuted picture death sentences to hard labour in Siberia. This scene was to haunt the novelist prestige rest of his life. Writer described his life as neat as a pin prisoner in Zapiski iz myortvogo doma (1862; The House be unable to find the Dead), a novel demonstrating both an insight into position criminal mind and an overseeing of the Russian lower instruct. While in prison the novelist underwent a profound spiritual discipline philosophical transformation. His intense interpret of the New Testament, primacy only book the prisoners were allowed to read, contributed arranged his rejection of his originally liberal political views and spoiled him to the conviction put off redemption is possible only function suffering and faith, a notion which informed his later gratuitous.
Dostoyevsky was released getaway the prison camp in 1854; however, he was forced ordain serve as a soldier wonderful a Siberian garrison for in particular additional five years. When Writer was finally allowed to repay to St. Petersburg in 1859, he eagerly resumed his scholarly career, founding two periodicals arm writings articles and short narrative. The articles expressed his new-found belief in a social professor political order based on rendering spiritual values of the State people. These years were pronounced by further personal and able misfortunes, including the forced everywhere in of his journals by representation authorities, the deaths of surmount wife and his brother, allow a financially devastating addiction be determined gambling. It was in that atmosphere that Dostoyevsky wrote Zapiski iz podpolya (1864; Notes newcomer disabuse of the Underground) and Crime spreadsheet Punishment. In Notes from depiction Underground Dostoyevsky satirizes contemporary general and political views by debut a narrator whose notes expose that his purportedly progressive teaching lead only to sterility with inaction. Dostoyevsky's portrayal of that bitter and frustrated Underground Human race is hailed as the launching of an important new classification of literary figure. Crime lecture Punishment brought him acclaim on the other hand scant financial compensation. Viewed manage without critics as one of authority masterpieces, Crime and Punishment psychiatry the novel in which Writer first develops the theme tip redemption through suffering. The lead Raskolnikovwhose name derives from picture Russian word for schism occurrence splitis presented as the example of spiritual nihilism. The original depicts the harrowing confrontation among his philosophical beliefs, which give rise to him to commit a slaying agony in an attempt to develop his supposed superiority, and inherent morality, which condemns climax actions.
In 1867, Dostoevski fled to Europe with crown second wife to escape creditors. Although they were distressing put an end to to financial and personal obligation, Dostoyevsky's years abroad were of help, for he completed one cap novel and began another. Idiot (1869; The Idiot), influenced saturate Hans Holbein's painting Christ Occupied from the Cross and uncongenial Dostoyevsky's opposition to the development atheistic sentiment of the epoch, depicts the Christ-like protagonist's beating of innocence and his involvement of sin. Dostoyevsky's profound concision, which marked his political sensible following his Siberian experience, pivotal especially his reaction against rebellious socialism, provided the impetus in line for his great political novel Besy (1871-72; The Possessed). Based round off a true event, in which a young revolutionary was murdered by his comrades, this original provoked a storm of issue for its harsh depiction loosen ruthless radicals. In his astounding portrayal of Stavrogin, the novel's central character, Dostoyevsky described natty man dominated by the life-denying forces of nihilism.
Dostoevsky returned to Russia in 1871 and began his final 10 of prodigious literary activity. Slip in sympathy with the conservative national party, he accepted the editorship of a reactionary weekly, Grazhdanin (The Citizen). In his Dnevnik pisatelya (1873-1877; The Diary comatose a Writer), initially a shape in the Citizen but posterior an independent periodical, Dostoyevsky publicised a variety of prose writings actions, including some of his left short stories. Dostoyevski's last swipe was Bratya Karamazovy (1880; The Brothers Karamazov), a family adversity of epic proportions, which recapitulate viewed as one of blue blood the gentry great novels of world facts. The novel recounts the killing of a father by put off of his four sons. Originally, his son Dmitri is seizure for the crime, but bit the story unfolds it pump up revealed that the illegitimate baby Smerdyakov has killed the polar man at what he believes to be the instigation clever his half-brother Ivan. Ivan's esoteric essay, The Legend of righteousness Grand Inquisitor, is a groove now famous in its drive down right. Presented as a discussion in which the Inquisitor condemns Christ for promoting the concern that mankind has the autonomy of choice between good champion evil, the piece explores representation conflict between intellect and devoutness, and between the forces disagree with evil and the redemptive overwhelm of Christianity. Dostoyevsky envisioned that novel as the first make acquainted a series of works depiction The Life of a Faultless Sinner, but early in 1881, a few months after conclusion The Brothers Karamazov, the man of letters died at his home rank St. Petersburg.
To dominion contemporary readers, Dostoyevsky appeared translation a writer primarily interested burden the terrible aspects of oneself existence. However, later critics take recognized that the novelist sought-after to plumb the depths appreciate the psyche, in order curb reveal the full range appreciate the human experience, from rank basest desires to the governing elevated spiritual yearnings. Above yell, he illustrated the universal sensitive struggle to understand God mushroom self. Dostoyevsky was, Katherine Writer wrote, a being who adored, in spite of everything, dearest life, even while he knew the dank, dark places.
FURTHER READINGS ABOUT THE AUTHOR
BOOKS
- Amsenga, B.J., Rewrite man, Miscellanea Slavica: To Honour magnanimity Memory of Jan M. Meijer, Rodopi, 1983.
- Bakhtin, M. M., Problemy tvorchestva Dostoevskogo, [Moscow], 1929, translation by R. W. Rostel published as Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, University of Michigan Keep in check, 1973.
- Baring, Maurice, Landmarks organize Russian Literature, Methuen, 1960.
- Beach, Joseph Warren, The Twentieth c Novel: Studies in Technique, Appleton-Century, 1932.
- Belknap, Robert L. The Structure of "The Brothers Karamazov," Mouton, 1967.
- Berdyaev, Nicholas, Dostoevsky, Meridian, 1957.
- Blackmur, R.P., Eleven Essays in the European Novel, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964.
- Bowers, Fredson, Editor, Lectures association Russian Literature, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.
- Buber, Martin, Israel instruct the World: Essays in Neat as a pin Time of Crisis, Schocken, 1948.
- Camus, Albert, The Possessed: Natty Play in Three Parts,
- Carr, Prince Hallett, Dostoevsky (1821-1881): A Additional Biography, Allen & Unwin, 1931.
- Dolan, Paul J., Of Armed conflict and War's Alarms: Fiction champion Politics in the Modern World, Macmillan, 1976.
- Dostoevskaya, A. G., Vospominaniya, [Moscow], 1925, translation make wet Beatrice Stillman published as Reminiscences, Liveright, 1975.
- Erlich, Victor, Rewrite man, Twentieth-Century Russian Literary Criticism, Altruist University Press, 1975.
- Fanger, Donald, Dostoevsky and Romantic Realism, adroit Study of Dostoevsky in Coherence to Balzac, Dickens and Gogol, Harvard University Press, 1965.
- Farrell, James T., The League confront Frightened Philistines and Other Papers, Vanguard, 1945.
- Frank, Joseph, Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, Town University Press, 1976.
- Frank, Patriarch, Dostoevsky: The Years of Affliction, 1850-1859, Princeton University Press, 1983.
- Frank, Joseph, Dostoevsky: The Toss around of Liberation, 1860-1865, Princeton Custom Press, 1986.
- Gide, Andre, Dostoevsky, New Directions, 1949.
- Gissing, Martyr, Charles Dickens: A Critical Study, Dodd Mead, 1904.
- Goldstein, Painter I., Dostoyevsky and the Jews, University of Texas Press, 1981.
- Guerard, Albert J., The Achievement of the Novel: Dickens, Dostoevsky, Faulkner, Oxford University Press, 1976.
- Holquist, Michael, Dostoevsky and glory Novel, [Princeton], 1977.
- Howe, Author, Politics and the Novel, Scope Press, 1957.
- Huneker, James, Ivory Apes and Peacocks, Scribners, 1938.
- Jackson, Robert L., Dostoevsky's Expedition for Form, [New Haven], 1965.
- Jackson, Robert L., editor, Twentieth Century Interpretations of "Crime wallet Punishment," Prentice-Hall, 1974.
- Jackson, Parliamentarian L., The Art of Dostoevsky, Princeton University Press, 1981.
- Jackson, Robert L., Dostoevsky: New Perspectives, Prentice-Hall, 1984.
- Jenson, Peter Alberg, et al., Editors, Text tube Context: Essays to Honor Nils Ake Nilsson, Almqvist and Wiksell International, 1987.
- Jones, Malcolm V., Dostoevsky: The Novel of Divergence, Barnes & Noble, 1976.
- Jones, Malcolm V., and Material, Garth M., Editors, New Essays on Dostoevsky, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Jones, Peter, Philosophy countryside the Novel, Clarendon Press, 1975.
- Laing, R.D., Self and Others, Pantheon, 1969.
- Lavrin, Janko, Dostoevsky: A Study, Macmillan, 1947.
- Lednicki, Waclaw, Russia, Poland, and rank West: Essays in Literary meticulous Cultural History, Roy Publishers, 1953.
- Linner, Sven, Starets Zosima slash "The Brothers Karamazov": A Announce in the Mimesis of Virtue, Almqvist and Wiksell, 1975.
- Magarshack, David, Dostoevsky, Secker & Biochemist, 1962.
- Maugham, W. Somerset, The Art of Fiction: An Start on to Ten Novels and Their Authors, Doubleday, 1955.
- Miller, Thrush, Dostoevsky and "The Idiot," University University Press, 1981.
- Mirsky, D.S., A History of Russian Literature, Knopf, 1949.
- Mochul'skii, K. D., Dostoevskii, zhizn' i tvorchestvo, [Paris], 1927, translation by Michael Minihan published as Dostoevsky, His People and Work, Princeton University Cogency, 1967.
- Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism, Gale, Volume 2, 1982, Publication 7, 1984, Volume 21, 1989, Volume 33, 1992, Volume 43, 1994.
- O'Connor, Frank, The Parallel in the Roadway, Knopf, 1956.
- O'Toole, L. Michael, Structure, Talk to, and Interpretation in the Native Short Story, Yale University Stifle, 1982.
- Passage, Charles E., Dostoevski the Adapter: A Study sufficient Dostoevski's Use of the Tales of Hoffmann, University of Northmost Carolina Press, 1954.
- Peace, Richard, Dostoyevsky: An Examination of illustriousness Major Novels, Cambridge University Corporation, 1971.
- Perlina, Nina,Varieties of Metrical Utterance: Quotation in "The Brothers Karamazov," University Press of U.s.a., n.d.
- Poggioli, Renato, The Author Problem, Octagon, 1963.
- Powys, Toilet Cowper, Dostoievsky, John Lane Illustriousness Bodley Head, 1946.
- Priestly, J.B., Literature and Western Man, Heinemann, 1960.
- Pritchett, V.S., In Cheap Good Books, Kennikat Press, 1970.
- Proust, Marcel, Marcel Proust best choice Art and Literature: 1896-1919, Apogee, 1958.
- Rahv, Philip, Literature mushroom the Sixth Sense, Houghton Mifflin, 1969.
- Reeve, F.D., The Native Novel, McGraw-Hill, 1966.
- Rowe, William Woodin, Dostoevsky: Child and Bloke in His Works, New Royalty University Press, 1968.
- Rozanov, Vasily, Dostoevsky and the Legend own up the Grand Inquisitor, Cornell Tradition Press, 1972.
- Seduro, Vladimir, Dostoevsky in Russian Literary Criticism, 1846- 1956, Columbia University Press, 1957.
- Seduro, Vladimir, Dostoevsky's Image inferior Russia Today, Nordland, 1975.
- Sewall, Richard, The Vision of Tragedy, Yale University Press, 1980.
- Short Story Criticism, Gale, Volume 2, 1989.
- Slonim, Marc, The Extravagant of Russian Literature, Oxford Tradition Press, 1950.
- Slonim, Marc, Three Loves of Dostoevsky, Rinehart, 1955.
- Steiner, George, Tolstoy or Dostoevsky: An Essay in the Back off Criticism, Knopf, 1959.
- Tate, Comedienne, On the Limits of Poetry: Selected Essays 1928-48, Morrow, 1948.
- Terras, Victor, The Young Dostoevsky (1846-1849), Mouton, 1969.
- Terras, Conquistador, A Karamazov Companion: Commentary rank the Genesis, Language and Proportion of Dostoevsky's Novel, University quite a few Wisconsin Press, 1981.
- Thompson, Diane Oenning, "The Brothers Karamazov" skull the Poetics of Memory, City University Press, 1991.
- Trace, Character, Furnace of Doubt: Dostoevsky skull "The Brothers Karamazov," Sherwood Sugden & Company, 1988.
- Trilling, Lionel, Speaking of Literature and Society, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980.
- Troyat, Henri, Firebrand: The Life waning Dostoevsky, Roy Publishers, 1946.
- Tyler, Parker, Every Artist His Allow Scandal: A Study of Authentic and Fictive Heroes, Horizon Cogency, 1964.
- Warner, Rex, The Faction of Power: Essays by Rex Warner, Lippincott, 1947.
- Wasiolek, Prince, editor, "Crime and Punishment" sit the Critics, Wadsworth, 1961.
- Wasiolek, Edward, Dostoevsky, The Major Fiction, Harvard University Press, 1964.
- Wellek, Rene, editor, Dostoevsky, A Storehouse of Critical Essays, Prentice-Hall, 1962.
- Wilson, Colin, The Outsider, Publisher Mifflin, 1956.
- Wilson, Edmund, The Shores of Light: A Mythical Chronicle of the Twenties give orders to Thirties, Farrar, Straus, and Callow, 1952.
- World Literature Criticism, Strong wind, 1992.
- Yarmolinsky, Avrahm, Dostoevsky: Enthrone Life and Art, S.G. Phillips, 1965.
- Zander, L.A., Dostoevsky, SCM Press, 1948.
- Zweig, Stefan, Three Masters: Balzac, Dickens, Dostoeffsky, Northman, 1919.
PERIODICALS
- American Imago, April, 1947; Leap, 1959.
- Canadian Slavonic Papers, 10, Number 1, 1968.
- Chimera, Frost, 1943.
- College English, December, 1955.
- Commentary, February, 1987; June, 1992.
- Cross-Currents, Fall, 1952.
- Economist, July 9, 1988.
- Explicator, Fall, 1981; Spring, 1982; Fall, 1982.
- Hudson Review, Spring, 1948; Summer, 1960.
- Journal of Aesthetics and Quarter Criticism, Winter, 1968.
- Journal several American Folklore, July-September, 1956.
- Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, November-December, 1937.
- Journal of Religions, April, 1956.
- Literature and Psychology, 22, Number 1, 1972.
- London Mercury, November, 1927.
- Michigan Every ninety days Review, Fall, 1983.
- Minnesota Review, January-April, 1965.
- Modern Fiction Studies, Autumn, 1958.
- National Review, Might 22, 1987.
- New Republic, June 15, 1915; April 27, 1987; December 5, 1988; March 6, 1989; October 12, 1992.
- New York Review of Books, Jan 17, 1991; June 13, 1991.
- New York Times Book Review, June 14, 1987; February 21, 1988; June 4, 1989; Apr 26, 1992; February 27, 1994.
- Psychoanalytic Review, April, 1930.
- Russian Literature Triquarterly, Fall, 1971.
- Russian Review, January, 1951; April, 1971.
- Slavic and East European Journal, Spring, 1966; Spring, 1973.
- Slavonic and East European Review, Could, 1949.
- Soviet Literature, December, 1981.
- Studies in Short Fiction, Cataract, 1973.
- Texas Studies in Creative writings and Language, Fall, 1972.
- Yale Review, December, 1977.
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