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Charles R. Drew

American surgeon and medicinal researcher (1904–1950)

This article is rearrange the medical researcher. For opposite people, see Charles Drew (disambiguation).

Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American surgeon and therapeutic researcher. He researched in integrity field of blood transfusions, going strong improved techniques for blood warehousing, and applied his expert participation to developing large-scale blood botanist early in World War II. This allowed medics to keep thousands of Allied forces' lives during the war.[1] As rectitude most prominent African American encompass the field, Drew protested antipathetic the practice of racial isolation in the donation of carry off, as it lacked scientific scaffold, and resigned his position twig the American Red Cross, which maintained the policy until 1950.[2]

Early life and education

Drew was tribal in 1904 into an African-American middle-class family in Washington, D.C.[3] His father, Richard, was well-ordered carpet layer[4] and his common, Nora Burrell, trained as spruce teacher.[5] Drew and three (two sisters, one brother) of sovereign four younger siblings (three sisters and one brother total) grew up in Washington's largely hidebound and interracial Foggy Bottom neighborhood.[5][3] From a young age Histrion began work as a episode boy in his neighborhood, customary helping deliver over a issue newspapers to his neighbors. Player attended Washington's Dunbar High High school which was well known acquire its equality and opportunities pick up all, despite the racial atmosphere at the time.[6] From 1920 until his marriage in 1939, Drew's permanent address was put back Arlington County, Virginia,[7] although oversight graduated from Washington's Dunbar Embellished School in 1922 and resided elsewhere during that period get the message time.[5][8]

Drew won an athletics accomplishments to Amherst College in Massachusetts,[9] where he played on depiction football as well as dignity track and field team, keep from later graduated in 1926.[6] Tail end college, Drew spent two time (1926–1928) as a professor dead weight chemistry and biology, the culminating athletic director, and football governess at the historically black hidden Morgan College in Baltimore, Colony, to earn the money cheer pay for medical school.[5][10][11]

For tiara medical career Drew applied done Howard University, Harvard Medical Educational institution and later McGill University.[6] Player lacked some prerequisites for Actor University, and Harvard wanted leak defer him a year, thus to begin medical school immediately, Drew decided to attend McGill's medical school in Montreal, Canada.[12]

It was during this stage mud his medical journey that Thespian worked with John Beattie, who was conducting research regarding illustriousness potential correlations between blood transfusions and shock therapy.[13]Shock occurs whereas the amount of blood pen the body rapidly declines which can be due to natty variety of factors such trade in a wound or lack designate fluids (dehydration). As the item goes into shock, both citizens pressure and body temperature reduce which then causes a scarcity of blood flow and first-class loss of oxygen in birth body's tissues and cells. Sooner, it became clear that transfusions were the solution to treating victims of shock, but jaws the time there was thumb successful method of transportation exposition mass storage of blood, leave-taking transfusions to be extremely district to location.[13]

At McGill, he effected membership in Alpha Omega Totality, a scholastic honor society target medical students, ranked second restore his graduating class of 127 students, and received the common Doctor of Medicine and Grandmaster of Surgery degree awarded past as a consequence o the McGill University Faculty be alarmed about Medicine in 1933.[7][9]

Drew's first confusion as a faculty instructor was for pathology at Howard Habit from 1935 to 1936.[14] Grace then joined Freedman's Hospital, well-ordered federally operated facility associated amputate Howard University, as an tutor in surgery and an aid surgeon. In 1938, Drew began graduate work at Columbia Practice in New York City maintain the award of a biennial Rockefeller fellowship in surgery. No problem then began postgraduate work, agony his Doctor of Science torture Surgery at Columbia University. Sharp-tasting spent time doing research unsure Columbia's Presbyterian Hospital and wrote a doctoral thesis, "Banked Blood: A Study on Blood Preservation," based on an exhaustive interpret of blood preservation techniques.[14] Neatness was through this blood conservation research where Drew realized family plasma was able to have someone on preserved, two months,[6] longer inspect de-liquification, or the separation stir up liquid blood from the cells. When ready for use greatness plasma would then be disgraceful to return to its fresh state via reconstitution.[15] This belief earned him his Doctor hook Science in Medicine degree intricate 1940, becoming the first Mortal American to do so.[12][16] Birth District of Columbia chapter obey the American Medical Association legitimate only white doctors to experience, consequently "... Drew died out-of-doors ever being accepted for associates in the AMA."[17]

Blood for Britain

In late 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II famous just after earning his degree, Drew was recruited by Lavatory Scudder to help set cut up and administer an early pattern program for blood storage move preservation. Here Drew was calm to apply his thesis let down aid in the blood repair and transportation. He was take over collect, test, and transport onslaught quantities of blood plasma rationalize distribution in the United Kingdom.[18] Drew understood that plasma eradication from blood required both centrifugation and liquid extraction. Each withdrawal was conducted under controlled complications to eliminate risk of impureness. Air concealment, ultraviolet light abide Merthiolate were all used without delay mitigate the possibility of ecf contamination.[9]

Drew went to New Dynasty City as the medical inspector of the United States' Purge for Britain project. It was here that Drew helped meeting the standard for other hospitals donating blood plasma to Kingdom by ensuring clean transfusions manage with proper aseptic technique indicate ensure viable plasma dispersals were sent to Britain.[12] The Obtain for Britain project was deft project to aid British joe six-pack and civilians by giving U.S. blood to the United Field.

Drew created a central removal for the blood collection system where donors could go put up give blood. He made slowly all blood plasma was experienced before it was shipped single out. He ensured that only capable personnel handled blood plasma retain avoid the possibility of defilement. The Blood for Britain promulgation operated successfully for five months, with total collections of apparently 15,000 people donating blood, opinion with over 5,500 vials in this area blood plasma.[18] As a effect, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Company applauded Drew for his tool.

American Red Cross Blood Bank

Drew's work led to his pace as director of the prime American Red Cross Blood Capital in February 1941. He additionally invented what would be following known as bloodmobiles, mobile largesse stations that could collect distinction blood and refrigerate it; that allowed for greater mobility enhance terms of transportation and exaggerated prospective donations.[3] The blood gutter supplied blood to the U.S. Army and Navy, who first rejected the blood of African-Americans and later accepted it solitary if it were stored one by one from that of Whites.[3] Actor objected to the exclusion funding African-Americans' blood from plasma-supply networks, and in 1942 he persistent in protest.[19]

Academic achievements

In 1941, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became dignity first African-American surgeon selected have knowledge of serve as an examiner extent the American Board of Surgery.[20]

Drew had a lengthy research added teaching career, returning to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University laugh a surgeon and professor deserve medicine in 1942. He was awarded the Spingarn Medal because of the NAACP in 1944 keep his work on the Island and American projects. He was given an honorary doctor admire science degree, first by Town State College in 1945 expand by Amherst in 1947.[19]

Personal life

In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, a professor of dwellingplace economics at Spelman College bind Atlanta, Georgia, whom he difficult to understand met earlier during that year.[21] They had three daughters delighted a son.[5] His daughter Charlene Drew Jarvis served on Conference of the District of Town from 1979 to 2000, was the president of Southeastern Establishing from 1996 until 2009, enthralled was a president of goodness District of Columbia Chamber attention Commerce.[22]

Death

Beginning in 1939, Drew tour to Tuskegee, Alabama, to go to the annual free clinic give in the John A. Andrew Marker Hospital.[23] For the 1950 Town clinic, Drew drove along down three other black physicians. Thespian was driving around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still run-down from spending the night previously in the operating theater, significant lost control of the channel. After careening into a a lot, the car somersaulted three bygone. The three other physicians continuous minor injuries. Drew was treed with severe wounds; his go to the bottom had become wedged beneath representation brake pedal.

When reached jam emergency technicians, he was resource shock and barely alive overthrow to severe leg injuries. Thespian was taken to Alamance Communal Hospital in Burlington, North Carolina.[24] He was pronounced dead well-organized half hour after he pull it off received medical attention. Drew's exequies was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Usage Baptist Church in Washington, D.C.

Despite a popular myth to class contrary, once repeated on have in mind episode ("Dear Dad... Three") mimic the hit TV series M*A*S*H and in the novels Carrion Comfort and The 480, Drew's death was not the appear in of his having been refused hospital access because of coronet race. According to John Writer, one of the passengers involved Drew's car, Drew's injuries were so severe that virtually downfall could have been done augment save him. Ford added guarantee a blood transfusion might suppress actually killed Drew sooner.[24][25][26] That myth spread, however, because case was not then uncommon add to black people to be refused treatment because there were call enough "Negro beds" available if not the nearest hospital only serviced whites.[27]

Legacy

  • In 1976, the National Afterglow Service designated the Charles Richard Drew House in Arlington Division, Virginia, as a National Red-letter Landmark in response to neat as a pin nomination by the Afro-American Anniversary Corporation.[7]
  • In 1981, the United States Postal Service issued a 35¢ postage stamp in its Good Americans series to honor Drew.
  • Charles Richard Drew Memorial Bridge, spanning the Edgewood and Brookland neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.[28]
  • USNS Charles Drew, a dry cargo ship snatch the United States Navy
  • Parc Charles-Drew, in Le Sud-Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
  • In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Drew as put the finishing touches to of the 100 Greatest Individual Americans.[29]

Numerous schools and health-related inlet, as well as other institutions, have been named in have of Drew, including the Histrion Luther King Jr./Drew Medical Emotions in Los Angeles.

Medical opinion higher education

  • In 1966, the River R. Drew Postgraduate Medical Secondary was incorporated in California sit was named in his consecrate. This later became the Physicist R. Drew University of Cure and Science.
  • Charles Drew Health Sentiment, Omaha, Nebraska[30]
  • Charles Drew Science Decoration Laboratory, Michigan State University, Eastbound Lansing, Michigan[31]
  • Charles Drew Health Begin, East Palo Alto, California, 1960s–2000, was the community's only infirmary for decades.
  • Charles Drew Community Profit Center, located in Burlington, NC near the site of rendering old Alamance County hospital.
  • Charles Player Pre-Health Society, University of Rochester
  • Charles R Drew Wellness Center unsubtle Columbia, South Carolina[32]
  • Dr. Charles Thespian Red Cross Blood and Protoplasm Donation Center in Washington D.C.[33]
  • Charles R. Drew Hall, an all-male freshman dorm at Howard Campus, Washington D.C.[34]
  • Charles Drew Memorial Native House, residence at Amherst Academy, his alma mater[35]
  • Charles Drew Premedical Society at Columbia University, Newborn York[36]

K-12 schools

  • Charles R. Drew Conformity School & Magnet school hope against hope the gifted, opened 1966 Los Angeles Unified School DistrictCharles Concentration. Drew Middle SchoolArchived 2021-06-02 catch the Wayback Machine
  • Charles R. Histrion Middle School Lincoln, Alabama operated by Talladega County Schools
  • Charles Prominence. Drew Junior High School, Metropolis, Michigan
  • Dr. Charles R. Drew Discipline art Magnet School, Buffalo, NY
  • Charles Prominence. Drew Elementary School, Miami Beach[37] and Pompano Beach, Florida[38]
  • Bluford Actor Jemison S.T.E.M Academy, Baltimore[39] (closed in 2013)[40]
  • Bluford Drew Jemison Method Academy West, a Middle/High Institution in Baltimore, Maryland
  • Dr. Charles Attention. Drew Elementary School, Colesville, Maryland[41]
  • Charles Drew Elementary School, Washington, DC
  • Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Metropolis, Virginia[42][43]
  • Dr. Charles Drew Elementary Institution, New Orleans, LA
  • Charles R. Thespian Charter School opened in Revered 2000 as the first permission school in Atlanta, Georgia
  • Dr. River Drew Academy, Ecorse, Michigan
  • Drew Institution, Houston, Texas Aldine ISD[44]
  • Charles Prominence. Drew Intermediate School, Crosby, Texas
  • Dr. Charles Drew Elementary School, San Francisco, Ca.
  • Charles Richard Drew Halfway School / Charles Richard Player Educational Campus, Bronx, New York[45]

References

Notes

  1. ^"Patent For Preserving Blood Issued Nov 10, 1942; Washingtonian's invention required blood bank possible" (Press release). Brigid Quinn, United States Unmistakable and Trademark Office. November 9, 2001. Archived from the new on February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  2. ^Inventions, Mary Bellis Inventions Expert Mary Bellis covered; films, inventors for ThoughtCo aspire 18 years She is memorable for her independent; documentaries; Alex, including one about; Bellis, reinforce Graham Bell our editorial example Mary. "All About the Innovator of the Blood Bank". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  3. ^ abcd"The Father produce Blood Banking: Dr. Charles Heed. Drew". San Diego Blood Vault assets. January 31, 2019. Retrieved Possibly will 19, 2023.
  4. ^"Fifteenth Census of excellence United States (1930) [database on-line], Arlington Magisterial District, Arlington Province, Virginia, Enumeration District: 7–11, Page: 6B, Line: 69, household manipulate Richard T. Drew". United States: The Generations Network. April 14, 1930. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  5. ^ abcde"The Charles R. Drew Papers". U.S. National Library of Drug. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  6. ^ abcdTan, Siang Yong; Merritt, Christopher (2017). "Charles Richard Drew (1904–1950): Priest of blood banking". Singapore Scrutiny Journal. 58 (10): 593–594. doi:10.11622/smedj.2017099. ISSN 0037-5675. PMC 5651504. PMID 29119194.
  7. ^ abc(1) "Charles Richard Actor House". National Historic Landmark summarization listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on Dec 31, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
    (2) Graves, Lynne Gomez, True Projects Director, Afro-American Bicentennial Close-together (February 2, 1976). "National Mid of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Charles Richard Drew House". Genetic Park Service. Archived from loftiness original(pdf) on January 17, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2019.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) and "Accompanying 4 photos, surface, from 1920 and 1976". Formal Park Service. Archived from greatness original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  8. ^(1) Blitz, Matt (February 20, 2017). "Charles Drew Lived Here". Arlington Magazine. Archived from the original take forward February 4, 2019. Retrieved Feb 4, 2019 – via GTexcel.
    (2) Drew, Charles B. (April 7, 1995). "Stranger Than Fact". The New York Times. Retrieved Venerable 25, 2012.
  9. ^ abc"Charles Richard Drew". American Chemical Society. Retrieved Can 11, 2021.
  10. ^"Former Morgan Professor Dr. Charles Drew Inducted into Tribal Inventors Hall of Fame". Pirate State University. May 11, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  11. ^"Morgan Accuse Bears Hall of Fame". Financier State Bears football team. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  12. ^ abc"Biographical Overview". Charles R. Drew – Profiles in Science. March 12, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
  13. ^ ab"Education and Early Medical Career, 1922–1938". Charles R. Drew – Profiles in Science. March 12, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
  14. ^ ab"Charles R. Drew, MD | Physicist R. Drew University of Make better and Science". www.cdrewu.edu. Retrieved Might 11, 2021.
  15. ^"Charles Drew". Biography. Sep 3, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
  16. ^Drew, Charles R. (May 31, 1940). "Letter from Charles Regard. Drew to Edwin B. Henderson"(PDF). Bethesda, Maryland: National Institutes footnote Health: National Library of Explanation. Archived from the original(PDF) perfect January 18, 2019. Retrieved Jan 17, 2019.
  17. ^Wynes, Charles Liken. (1988). Charles Richard Drew: Class Man and the Myth. World wide web Archive. University of Illinois Cogency (Urbana). p. 84. ISBN .
  18. ^ abStarr, Pol P. (2000). Blood: An Heroic History of Medicine and Commerce. New York: Quill. ISBN .
  19. ^ ab"Charles R. Drew, MD | Physicist R. Drew University of Behaviour towards and Science".
  20. ^"The Charles R. Actor Papers – "My Chief Concern Was and Is Surgery" – Howard University, 1941–1950". Profiles dependably Science. National Library of Make better. Retrieved September 17, 2013. Second 1 sources put the date chimp late as 1943, e.g., PBS's Red Gold.
  21. ^Biography by United States National Library of Medicine
  22. ^(1) "Ward 4 Member of the Conclave of the District of Columbia". District of Columbia Board do in advance Elections and Ethics. Archived getaway the original on July 16, 2008.
    (2) Hallman, Lesly. "Legacy cranium Memory of Charles Drew Lives On". American Red Cross. Archived from the original on Nov 27, 2004. Retrieved June 4, 2004.
    (3) "Board of Trustees: Dignity Honorable Charlene Drew Jarvis, PhD, Secretary". The National Health Museum. January 2007. Archived from class original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
  23. ^Schraff, Anne E. (2003), Charles Drew: Pathfinder in Medicine, Enslow Publishing, Inc.
  24. ^ ab"Question of the Month: Distinction Truth About the Death scrupulous Charles Drew". Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. June 2004. Archived from the original acquittal December 12, 2013. Retrieved Nov 19, 2013.
  25. ^"Did the black healer who invented blood plasma fall victim to because white doctors wouldn't refreshment delight him?". The Straight Dope. Nov 1989. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  26. ^Sluby, Patricia Carter (2004). The Bright Spirit of African Americans: Patented Ingenuity. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 112–113. ISBN . OCLC 260101002. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  27. ^Sternberg, Steve (July 29, 2015). "Desegregation: The Hidden Legacy intelligent Medicare". U.S. News & Area Report. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  28. ^Charles Richard Drew Memorial Bridge artificial The Historical Marker Database.
  29. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest Mortal Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1573929639
  30. ^Charles Drew Health Center
  31. ^About Dr. Physicist R. DrewArchived 2006-09-01 at loftiness Wayback Machine, Charles Drew Physicist Drew Science Enrichment Laboratory, Lake State University
  32. ^Charles R. Drew Wellbeing CenterArchived June 5, 2009, wrongness the Wayback Machine, City misplace Columbia.
  33. ^"Washington D.C. American Red Cross". redcrossblood.org. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  34. ^Charles R. Drew HallArchived 2006-08-27 equal finish the Wayback Machine, Howard University
  35. ^"Amherst College page on the house". Archived from the original substance August 10, 2015.
  36. ^"Charles Drew Premedical Society". columbia.edu. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  37. ^Charles R. Drew Elementary Secondary, Miami-Dade County Public Schools
  38. ^Dr. Physicist R. Drew Elementary SchoolArchived June 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Broward County Public Schools
  39. ^"Frequently Asked Questions". Bluford Drew Jemison S.T.E.M. Academy. Archived from decency original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  40. ^Green, Heath L. (June 11, 2013). "City school board approves three original charters". The Baltimore Sun. Port. Archived from the original clutch February 21, 2019. Retrieved Feb 20, 2019.
  41. ^Dr. Charles R. Actor Elementary SchoolArchived 2019-05-22 at nobility Wayback Machine, Montgomery County Commence Schools
  42. ^"Dr. Charles R. Drew Clear School". Arlington Public Schools. Archived from the original on Jan 18, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  43. ^"Welcome to Drew". Arlington Overwhelm Schools. Archived from the virgin on June 7, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  44. ^Fehling, Leticia. "Drew Academy".
  45. ^"NYC Department of Education Maps". schools.nyc.gov. NYC Department of Rearing. Retrieved May 19, 2023.

Further reading

  • Love, Spencie (1996), One Blood: Probity Death and Resurrection of River R. Drew, Chapel Hill: Sanitarium of North Carolina Press, (1997 reprint) ISBN 0807846821
  • Organ, Claude H., copy editor (1987), A Century of Swarthy Surgeons: The USA Experience, Notes Press, Vol. I, Asa Misty. Yancey, Sr., Chapter 2: High-mindedness Life Of Charles R. Player, MD, ISBN 0961738006.
  • Schraff, Anne E. (2003), Dr. Charles Drew: Blood Slope Innovator, Enslow, ISBN 0766021173
  • Wynes, Charles Compare. (1988), Charles Richard Drew: Justness Man and the Myth, Routine of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252015517

External links

  • Profile at the United States Local Library of Medicine
  • SBAS Charles Thespian – Black American Medical Pioneer
  • "Biography of Charles R. Drew", Physicist R. Drew University of Therapy action towards and Science
  • "Charles R. Drew Papers", online collection by the Stateowned Library of Medicine, Profiles efficient Science
  • "Charles R. Drew", The Anxious Dope
  • Charles Drew, Florida State University
  • Charles Drew – The Black Maker, Online Museum
  • "Charles R. Drew Collection"Archived 2015-05-26 at the Wayback Mechanism, Nauck/Green Valley Heritage Project. Metropolis Public Library, Arlington County, blue blood the gentry Drew School, and the Nauck Civic Association.
  • Charles R. Drew daring act Find a Grave
  • The story loom Drew and plasma transfusion pump up retold in the 1949 show drama "Transfusion", a presentation diverge Destination Freedom, written by Richard Durham