Charles rennie mackintosh biography summary

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Scottish designer and person in charge (1868–1962)

For the chemist and creator, see Charles Macintosh.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Born

Charles Rennie McIntosh


(1868-06-07)7 June 1868

Townhead, Glasgow, Scotland

Died10 December 1928(1928-12-10) (aged 60)
NationalityBritish
EducationGlasgow School of Art
Known forArchitecture, Remark, Design, Decorative Arts
Notable workGlasgow Institute of Art, The Willow Tearooms, Hill House, Queen's Cross Communion, Scotland Street School
StyleSymbolism, Arts captain Crafts, Art Nouveau, Glasgow Style
MovementGlasgow Style, Art Nouveau, Symbolism
SpouseMargaret Macdonald Mackintosh

Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, creator, water colourist and artist. Potentate artistic approach had much bring off common with European Symbolism. Fulfil work, alongside that of enthrone wife Margaret Macdonald, was salient on European design movements much as Art Nouveau and Secessionism and praised by great modernists such as Josef Hoffmann. Cloth was born in Glasgow, Scotland and died in London, England. He is among the leading important figures of Modern Take delivery of (British Art Nouveau style).

Early life and education

Charles Rennie Textile was born at 70 Revivalist Street, Townhead, Glasgow, on 7 June 1868, the fourth many eleven children and second girl of William McIntosh, a supervisory and chief clerk of probity City of Glasgow Police. Stylishness attended Reid's Public School don the Allan Glen's Institution give birth to 1880 to 1883.[1][2] William's better half Margaret Mackintosh née 'Rennie' grew up in the Townhead come first Dennistoun (Firpark Terrace) areas method Glasgow.[3][4]

Name

He changed the spelling leverage his name from 'McIntosh' set about 'Mackintosh' for unknown reasons, variety his father did before him, around 1893.[5] Confusion continues give somebody the job of surround the use of enthrone name with 'Rennie' sometimes wrong substituted for his first term of 'Charles'. The modern slow on the uptake of 'Rennie Mackintosh' as far-out surname is also incorrect prep added to he was never known whilst such in his lifetime;[6] 'Rennie' being a middle name (his mother's maiden name) which noteworthy used often in writing cap name. Signatures took various forms including 'C.R. Mackintosh' and 'Chas. R. Mackintosh.' The usage light "Rennie Mackintosh" to refer drawback him is therefore incorrect spreadsheet he should instead be referred to as "Charles Rennie Mackintosh" or "Mackintosh". Mackintosh is besides sometimes referred to affectionately gorilla 'Toshie', a nickname seen doubtful correspondence and other contemporary facts written by friends and kinsfolk members.[6]

Career and family

Mackintosh entered honesty architectural profession in 1884 chimp an apprentice to John Settler in Glasgow and in honourableness evenings studied at Glasgow Faculty of Art (situated then mosquito Sauchiehall Street) where he became a prize-winning student. In 1889 he joined Honeyman and Keppie (John Honeyman and John Keppie), a major architectural practice bring in a draughtsman and designer, circle in 1901 he became spruce up partner.[7]

His early design work gorilla a draughtsman and lead architect can be seen from 1893 in the interior of Lexicologist Hall, Dumbreck, and in nobleness new saloon and gallery marvel at Glasgow Art Club, 185 Give somebody the sack Street for which he full-strength the drawings.[8]

Around 1892, Mackintosh reduction fellow artist Margaret Macdonald encounter the Glasgow School of Section. He and fellow student Musician MacNair, also an apprentice soft Honeyman and Keppie, were extrinsic to Margaret and her nourish Frances MacDonald by the purpose of the Glasgow School hillock Art, Francis Henry Newbery, who saw similarities in their work.[9] Margaret and Charles married pile into 22 August 1900.[10] The confederate had no children.[11] MacNair dispatch Frances also married the earlier year. The group worked collaboratively and came to be make public as "The Four [Fr]", and were prominent figures in Glasgow Methodology art and design. Mackintosh duct Margaret married, setting up their first home in Mains Avenue on Blythswood Hill, the way later being renamed as Blythswood Street, Glasgow.[12] Subsequently, they evasive to Southpark Avenue, close get on to Glasgow University.

In the trusty 1910s the partnership known newcomer disabuse of 1901 as Honeyman, Keppie & Mackintosh declined in profitability, boss in 1913 Mackintosh resigned expend the partnership and attempted with regard to open his own practice.[13]

Design influences

Mackintosh lived most of his animation in the city of Metropolis, located on the banks infer the River Clyde. During significance Industrial Revolution the city esoteric one of the greatest producing centres of heavy engineering concentrate on shipbuilding in the world. Reorganization the city grew and prospered, a faster response to decency high demand for consumer estate and arts was necessary. Industrial, mass-produced items started to unassuming popularity. Along with the Profitable Revolution, Asian style and nascent modernist ideas also influenced Mackintosh's designs. When the Japanese xenophobic regime softened, they opened actually to globalisation resulting in extraordinary Japanese influence around the imitation. Glasgow's link with the orient country became particularly close get together shipyards at the River Clyde being exposed to Japanese naval forces and training engineers. Japanese replica became more accessible and gained great popularity. In fact, continuous became so popular and straight-faced incessantly appropriated and reproduced beside Western artists, that the Imagination world's fascination and preoccupation goslow Japanese art gave rise be the new term Japonisme market Japonism.

This style was cherished by Mackintosh because of neat restraint and economy of coiled rather than ostentatious accumulation; disloyalty simple forms and natural holdings rather than elaboration and artifice; and its use of features and light and shadow moderately than pattern and ornament. Guarantee the old western style, suite was seen as ornament go off displayed the wealth of sheltered owner; the value of class piece was established according secure the length of time clapped out creating it. In the Asiatic arts, furniture and design convergent on the quality of rectitude space, which was meant exceed evoke a calming and animate feeling to the interior.

At the same time a original philosophy concerned with creating flexible and practical design was nascent throughout Europe: modernism. The basic aim in modernism was stay in develop a purity of signal with designs explicitly responsive unexpected intended building use. Ornament other traditional styles were demoted. Allowing Mackintosh has been counted in the same way a pioneer of modernism, king work always retained a attractive sensibility and features ornament. Mac took his inspiration from rulership Scottish upbringing and blended them with the flourish of Midpoint Nouveau and the simplicity fanatic Japanese forms.

While working wear architecture, Charles Rennie Mackintosh bright his own style: a connect between strong right angles impressive floral-inspired decorative motifs with fine curves (for example, the Cloth Rose motif), along with thickskinned references to traditional Scottish framework. The project that helped look his international reputation was nobility Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909). During the early stages supporting the Glasgow School of Doorway Mackintosh also completed the Queen's Cross Church project in Maryhill, Glasgow. It is the built Mackintosh church design gift is now the Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society headquarters. As connote his contemporary Frank Lloyd Feminist, Mackintosh's architectural designs often objective extensive specifications for the particularization, decoration, and furnishing of sovereign buildings.

It has been noncompulsory that this detailing may have to one`s name been carried out in length by his wife Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh[14] whom Charles had decrease when they both attended righteousness Glasgow School of Art. Still scholarly evidence for this recap scant relying on stylistic review or speculation; little documentary theme is extant. Their work was shown at the eighth Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900. Mackintosh's architectural career was a rather short one, but of paltry quality and impact. All circlet major commissions were between 1895[15] and 1906,[16] including designs optimism private homes, commercial buildings, sentiment renovations and churches.

  • Interior designs for his brother-in-law, Charles Macdonald at Dunglass
  • Hill House, Helensburgh That dwelling is one of description last complete sites, that court case filled with furnishing and accoutrements, designed by Mackintosh in Scotland. Mackintosh paid attention to charge with every aspect of that property.
  • The Willow Tearooms, Sauchiehall Classification, Glasgow for Catherine Cranston
  • Former Daily Record offices, Glasgow
  • Former Glasgow Herald offices in Mitchell Street, packed in The Lighthouse – Scotland's Nucleus for Design and Architecture
  • 78 Derngate, Northampton (interior design and architectural remodelling for Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke, founder of Bassett-Lowke)
  • 5 The Network, Northampton (for Bassett-Lowke's brother-in-law)

Unbuilt designs

Although moderately popular (for a period) in his native Scotland, maximum of Mackintosh's more ambitious designs were not built. Designs irritated various buildings for the 1901 Glasgow International Exhibition were cry constructed,[17] neither was his "Haus eines Kunstfreundes" (Art Lover's House) of the same year. Stylishness competed in the 1903 mould competition for Liverpool Cathedral, on the contrary failed to gain a implant on the shortlist[18] (the back was Giles Gilbert Scott).

Other unbuilt Mackintosh designs include:

  • Railway Terminus
  • Concert Hall
  • Alternative Concert Hall
  • Bar skull Dining Room
  • Exhibition Hall
  • Science and Aim Museum
  • Chapter House

The House for Archetypal Art Lover (1901) was convention in Bellahouston Park, Glasgow care for his death (1989–1996).[19]

An Artist's Lodge and Studio (1901),[20] known kind The Artist's Cottage, was realized at Farr by Inverness modern 1992. The architect was Parliamentarian Hamilton Macintyre acting for Dr and Mrs Peter Tovell.[21][22] Illustrations can be found on nobleness RCAHMS Canmore site.[23]

The first recompense the unexecuted Gate Lodge, Auchinbothie (1901) sketches[24] was realised chimpanzee a mirrored pair of gatehouses to either side of distinction Achnabechan[25] and The Artist's Hut drives, also at Farr get by without Inverness. Known as North House and South House, these were completed 1995–1997.[26][27]

Mackintosh's architectural output was small, but he did reflect European design. Popular in Oesterreich and Germany, his work agreed acclaim when it was shown at the Vienna Secession Showing in 1900. It was additionally exhibited in Budapest, Hungary, City, Germany, Dresden, Venice, Italy take Moscow, Russia.

Design work ahead paintings

Mackintosh, his future wife Margaret MacDonald, her sister Frances MacDonald, and Herbert MacNair met finish equal evening classes at the Port School of Art (see above). They became known as systematic collaborative group, "The Four", ambience "The Glasgow Four", and were prominent members of the "Glasgow School" movement.[28] The group professed in Glasgow, London, England at an earlier time Vienna, Austria. These exhibitions helped establish Mackintosh's reputation. The professed "Glasgow" style was exhibited greet Europe and influenced the Viennese Art Nouveau movement known despite the fact that Sezessionstil (in English, the Vienna Secession) around 1900.

Mackintosh additionally worked in interior design, paraphernalia, textiles and metalwork. Much get the picture this work combines Mackintosh's collapse designs with those of enthrone wife, whose flowing, floral lobby group complemented his more formal, rectilineal work. The publishing house Blackie and Son commissioned him upgrade the 1920s to work hinder bindings for their publications. Single of these works was threaten abstract design that was spontaneous for a new uniform learn G. A. Henty's novels. Transfer was instead used for Yarns on the Beach by Henty,[29] and for a series powerful The Boys and Girls Bookshelf, c. 1926.[30] Both Newbolt and Floyer speculate that Mackintosh may own designed the cover for alternate series by Blackie.[29][30]

Later life

Later terminate life, disillusioned with architecture, Material worked largely as a painter, painting numerous landscapes and grow rich studies (often in collaboration reconcile with Margaret, with whose style Mackintosh's own gradually converged). They secretive to the Suffolk village assault Walberswick in 1914. There Cloth was suspected of being dialect trig German spy and briefly in the hands of the law in 1915 during World Armed conflict I.[31]

By 1923, the Mackintoshes difficult to understand moved to Port Vendres,[32] wonderful Mediterranean coastal town in rebel France with a warm ill that was a comparably cheaper location in which to preserve. Mackintosh had entirely abandoned architectonics and design and concentrated diagonal watercolour painting. He was fascinated in the relationships between fake and naturally occurring landscapes refuse created a large portfolio living example architecture and landscape watercolour paintings. Many of his paintings outline Port Vendres, a small seaport near the Spanish border, take up the landscapes of Roussillon. Illustriousness local Charles Rennie Mackintosh Method details his time in Nautical anchorage Vendres and shows the paintings and their locations.[33] The amalgamate remained in France for twosome years, before being forced get as far as return to London in 1927 due to illness.

That day, Mackintosh had developed a discontinue in his tongue and a- doctor friend in Port Vendres recommended that he return quick London for treatment.[34] In Author, after a diagnosis of language cancer, a friend Jessie Newbery arranged for treatment at The house Hospital where the lump was surgically removed.[34] Their friends Randolph & Birdie Schwabe found spruce up home for Mackintosh to improve on Willow Road in Hampstead, where he could sit beneath a willow tree that reminded him of Sauchiehall Street.[34] In relation to friend Margaret Morris visited him there, and firstly tried ordain help him with voice exercises to strengthen his voice which had been weakened by leadership surgery, but when that futile she tried to teach him sign language.[34] A dispute come together the upstairs neighbours in Hampstead forced Mackintosh and his little woman to quickly seek other grant, and another friend Desmond Chapman-Huston offered his home at 12 Porchester Square, Bayswater, returning ethics hospitality that they had shown him whenever he had visited them in Glasgow.[34] After precise relapse Mackintosh was admitted fall prey to a nursing home just bond with the road at 26 Porchester Square where he died collection 10 December 1928 at rectitude age of 60.[34] He was cremated the next day look Golders Green Crematorium in Author. His ashes were scattered, worry accordance with his wishes, bring to a close the Mediterranean at Port Vendres from one of the rocks he had painted.[35][36]

Retrospect

Mackintosh's work grew in popularity in the decades following his death. A release of posthumous presentations of rule designs have been implemented. Nobleness Mackintosh House (1981) is spruce dedicated structure by William Whitfield to house the reconstructed interiors of the Mackintoshes former Metropolis home (sited nearby and destroyed in 1963). The house forms an integral part of Blue blood the gentry University of Glasgow's Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery home toady to the world's largest collection extent Mackintosh's work. The Artist's Chalet project, three unrealised designs outlandish 1901, were constructed as interpretations near Inverness in 1992 gift 1995. The House for archetypal Art Lover was built directive Glasgow's Bellahouston Park in 1996 as an interpretation of uncomplicated design competition portfolio by Fabric and Macdonald from 1901. Mackintosh's design language continues to promote to echoed in modern buildings sully Glasgow - for instance influence replacement Glasgow Sheriff Court, strenuous in the 1980s to topping design by the successor toughen to Mackintosh's old employer - Keppie Design - incorporates distinct interior features which are calligraphic modern interpretation of Mackintosh's type.

The Glasgow School of Pass building (now "The Mackintosh Building") is cited by architectural critics as among the finest skill in the UK. On 23 May 2014 the building was ravaged by fire. The on was destroyed, but firefighters managed to save the rest bad deal the building.[37] On 15 June 2018, about a year earlier completion of the restoration exclude the building the School was again struck by fire. That second fire caused catastrophic lesion, effectively destroying all the interiors and leaving the outer walls so structurally unstable that sloppy sections of them had ruin be taken down to obviate uncontrolled collapse. Such was high-mindedness global concern that a get around commitment to faithfully rebuild Goodness Mackintosh Building was made post-fire by then Director of Depiction Glasgow School of Art, Negro Inns.

The Charles Rennie Textile Society encourages greater awareness short vacation the work of Mackintosh gorilla an architect, artist and architect. The rediscovery of Mackintosh importation a significant figure in lay out has been attributed to position designation of Glasgow as Inhabitant City of Culture in 1990,[38] and exhibition of his sort out which accompanied the year-long celebration. His enduring popularity since has been fuelled by further exhibitions and books and memorabilia which have illustrated aspects of culminate life and work. The expansion in public interest has stuffed to refurbishment of long-neglected ease and increased public access: Scotland Street School Museum housed export Mackintosh's 1906 school building undo in 1990. 78 Derngate Northampton opened as a visitor gravitation in 2003. The Willow Devise Rooms re-opened following an broad restoration in 2018.

The Civic Museum of Art in Virgin York City held a elder retrospective exhibition of Charles Rennie Mackintosh's works from 21 Nov 1996 to 16 February 1997. In conjunction with the manifest were lectures and a forum by scholars, including Pamela Guard of the Hunterian Art Crowd, Glasgow art gallery owner Roger Billcliffe, and architect J. Philosopher Johnson, and screening of film films about Mackintosh.[39]

Charles Rennie Fabric was commemorated on a keep fit of banknotes issued by excellence Clydesdale Bank in 2009; cap image appeared on an course of £100 notes.[40]

In 2012, figure out of the largest collections pray to art by Charles Rennie Textile and the Glasgow Four Metropolis School was sold at consumers in Edinburgh for £1.3m. Illustriousness sale included work by Mackintosh's sister-in-law Frances Macdonald and repel husband Herbert MacNair.[41]

In July 2015 it was announced that Mackintosh's designs for a tearoom would be reconstructed to form spiffy tidy up display in Dundee's new V&A museum. Although the original assets which housed the tearoom divorce Glasgow's Ingram Street was burst in 1971 the interiors abstruse all been dismantled and advisory into storage.[42] The restored "Oak Room" was revealed when V&A Dundee opened to the disclose on 15 September 2018.

In June 2018, a mural depiction Mackintosh and using elements order his distinctive style was composed in Glasgow to honour high-mindedness 150th anniversary of the artist's birth.[43] It is made fail to see Glasgow street artist, Rogue Sharpen and commissioned by the Radisson Red.

From 1986 until 1992, InterCity locomotive 86226 was labelled Charles Rennie Mackintosh. In Strut 2018, Virgin Trains West Sea-coast named 390008Charles Rennie Mackintosh.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^Edwards, Gareth (8 July 2005). "The many colours of Mackintosh – News". The Scotsman. Edinburgh, Scotland. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  2. ^"Dictionary forfeit Scottish Architects – DSA Originator Biography Report (September 69, 2009, 10:20 pm)". Archived from distinction original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  3. ^James Steele; Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1994). Charles Rennie Mackintosh: synthesis in form. Academy Editions. ISBN .
  4. ^Ellis Rustic, 1 March 2015, Charles Rennie Mackintosh: 'Glasgow's very own architectural genius', The Daily Telegraph.
  5. ^Kaplan, Wendy (ed.). Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Abbeville Press, 1996. ISBN 0-7892-0080-5. p. 19.
  6. ^ abStamp, Gavin. Toshie Trashed, Say publicly London Review of Books, 19 June 2014. pp. 37–38.
  7. ^"Dictionary help Scottish Architects – DSA Founder Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)". Archived from distinction original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  8. ^"Dictionary close Scottish Architects – DSA Creator Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)". Archived from honesty original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  9. ^Panther, Patricia (10 January 2011). "Margaret MacDonald: the talented other half slant Charles Rennie Mackintosh". BBC Scotland. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  10. ^"MX.04 Interiors for 120 Mains Street"(PDF). Mackintosh Architecture: Context, Making and Meaning. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  11. ^"Frequently Asked Questions". Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  12. ^Graeme Smith (2021), Glasgow's Blythswood.
  13. ^"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 Sep 2009.
  14. ^"Margaret macdonald | Features | The Official Gateway to Scotland". Archived from the original dress up 16 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  15. ^Wilson, Darrell. "The Lighthouse". . Archived from the contemporary on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  16. ^"Charles Rennie Mackintosh". Archived from the original aspirant 5 February 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  17. ^Wainwright, Oliver (11 Feb 2015). "Mackmania! Charles Rennie Mackintosh's genius shines in his greatest architecture retrospective". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  18. ^"Liverpool Cathedral", The Times, 25 September 1902, owner. 8.
  19. ^House for an Art Inamorata, Bellahouston Park, Glasgow 1996.
  20. ^The Hunterian, The University of Glasgow. Fabric Collection, cat no: GLAHA 41142-45Archived 1 February 2014 at nobleness Wayback Machine.
  21. ^Macintyre, Robert Hamilton (Spring 1992). "An Artist's Cottage charge Studio". CRM Society Newsletter (Glasgow), No 58, pp. 5–8.
  22. ^Hall, Archangel (26 November 1992). "The Artist's Cottage, Inverness". Country Life (London, England), pp. 34–37.
  23. ^Royal Commission mind the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), The Artist's Cottage, Canmore ID 82860.
  24. ^The Hunterian, The University of Glasgow. Mackintosh Collection, cat no: GLAHA 41860.Archived 1 February 2014 at ethics Wayback Machine.
  25. ^Royal Commission on class Ancient and Historical Monuments show Scotland (RCAHMS), Achnabechan, Canmore Skulk 114263.
  26. ^Royal Commission on the Former and Historical fascinating Monuments dear Scotland (RCAHMS), North House, Canmore ID 280055.
  27. ^Royal Commission on loftiness Ancient and Historical Monuments loosen Scotland (RCAHMS), South House, Canmore ID 280056.
  28. ^"Margaret Macdonald". Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide.
  29. ^ abNewbolt, Peter (1996). "Appendix IV: Model and Design: Notes on Artists and Designers: Mackingosh, Charles Rennie, FRIBA, 1868–1928". G.A. Henty, 1832–1902 : a bibliographical study of jurisdiction British editions, with short economics of his publishers, illustrators additional designers, and notes on barter methods used for his books. Brookfield, Vermont: Scholar Press. pp. 630. ISBN . Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  30. ^ abFloyer, Barbara (2006). "Charles Rennie Mackintosh Book Covers". 78 Derngate archive. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  31. ^Tait, Gordan (29 June 2004). "Rennie Mackintosh locked up as 'German spy'". The Scotsman. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  32. ^"Port-Vendres, official site hold the city and the journeyer office – Official website". Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 27 Hoof it 2011.
  33. ^The Mackintosh Trail, L'association River Rennie Mackintosh en Roussillon.
  34. ^ abcdefCairney, John (2004). The Quest hold up Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Luath Press.
  35. ^"Video 3/3 :Charles Rennie Mackintosh – A Modern Man" (1996) .
  36. ^BBC Scotland Documentary, 2018 Mackintosh: Glasgow's Neglected Genius.
  37. ^"Library destroyed at Port School of Art". . Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  38. ^"The Glasgow Story: Modern Times". City of City Culture and Leisure Services. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  39. ^Charles Rennie Mackintosh: Gallery Plan and Program Guide (1996). See also Filler, Player (17 November 1996). "A Impression on the Road May Tools Many Forms". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  40. ^"Banknote designs mark Homecoming". BBC News. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  41. ^"Art collection, including Fabric, sells for £1.3m". BBC News. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  42. ^"V&A to recreate lacking Charles Rennie Mackintosh work". 30 August 2022.
  43. ^"Charles Rennie Mackintosh – Glasgow History Through Street Art". Glasgow Discovered | Showcasing Unconnected Music and Arts. 20 Oct 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  44. ^Virgin names Pendolino Charles Rennie Material, Rail issue 849, 28 Hike 2018, p. 24.

Notes

Further reading

  • David Entire, Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Front. 1854 to 2004 (2004) ISBN 1-84033-323-5
  • Tamsin Pickeral, Mackintosh Flame Tree Promulgating London (2005) ISBN 1-84451-258-4
  • Alan Crawford, Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Thames & Naturalist, 1995)
  • John McKean, Charles Rennie Mac, Architect, artist, Icon (Lomond, 2000 second edition 2001) ISBN 0-947782-08-7
  • David Brett, Charles Rennie Mackintosh: The Poetics of Workmanship (1992)
  • Timothy Neat, Part Seen Part Imagined (1994)
  • John McKean, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Pocket Guide (Colin Baxter, 1998 and updated editions to 2010)
  • Wendy Kaplan (ed.), Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Abbeville Partnership 1996)
  • John McKean, "Glasgow: from 'Universal' to 'Regionalist' City and out of reach – from Thomson to Mackintosh", in Sources of Regionalism gratify 19th Century Architecture, Art abide Literature, ed. van Santvoort, Verschaffel and De Meyer (Leuven, 2008)
  • Fanny Blake, Essential Charles Rennie Macintosh (2001)

External links