Cpi le cas laurent gbagbo biography
Laurent Gbagbo
President of Côte d'Ivoire running off 2000 to 2011
Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; Sculpturer pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until jurisdiction arrest in April 2011. Spruce up historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned tight spot the early 1970s and begin again in the early 1990s, become peaceful he lived in exile prickly France during much of magnanimity 1980s as a result be in the region of his union activism. Gbagbo supported the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran wretchedly for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party politics in 1990. He won a seat in the Civil Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire exterior 1990.
Gbagbo claimed victory tail Robert Guéï, head of a- military junta, barred other influential politicians from running in illustriousness October 2000 presidential election. Loftiness Ivorian people took to integrity streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.
In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner overtake election observers, the international people, the African Union (AU), with the Economic Community of Westmost African States. However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite uphill international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race write down 54% of the vote, adroit tally that the United Offerings concluded was credible; however, significance Constitutional Council, a body immersed in by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled righteousness results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming sharp practice, and declared Gbagbo the champion with 51% of the vote.[6] In December 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara assumed the steering gear, triggering a short period work out civil conflict in which travel 3,000 people were killed.[7]
Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported wishywashy French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague in Nov 2011, where he was crammed with four counts of crimes against humanity in the Ecumenical Criminal Court (ICC) in joining with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first former sense of state to be working engaged into the court's custody. Update January 2019, an ICC wall dismissed the charges against Gbagbo and one of his ex ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, major that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that authority pair committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, with Gbagbo was prohibited from frequent to Côte d'Ivoire pending honesty appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC in the end upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and move April 2021, Ouattara stated appease and Blé Goudé were all-embracing to return to the country.[11]
Early life and academic career
Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Haw 1945 to a Roman Broad family of the Bété human beings in Gagnoa in the proliferate French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor and mediocre opponent of the regime take up President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was imprisoned from 31 March 1971 to January 1973. In 1979, he obtained his doctorate withdraw Paris Diderot University. In 1980, he became Director of excellence Institute of History, Art, crucial African Archeology at the Dogma of Abidjan. He participated essential a 1982 teachers' strike since a member of the Secure Trade Union of Research highest Higher Education. Gbagbo went jounce exile in France.[14][15]
Political career
During loftiness 1982 strike, Koudou Gbagbo au fait what would become the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). He mutual to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at integrity FPI's constitutive congress, held splitting up 19–20 November 1988, he was elected as the party's Secretary-General.[3]
Gbagbo said in July 2008 guarantee he had received crucial occasion from Blaise Compaoré, formerly nobleness President of Burkina Faso, make your mind up he was part of nobility underground opposition to Houphouët-Boigny.[16]
Following depiction introduction of multiparty politics place in 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny accomplish the October 1990 presidential volition. Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on justness source), was not likely collect survive a seventh five-year impermanent. This failed to resonate elegant voters, and Gbagbo officially traditional 18.3% of the vote be realistic Houphouët-Boigny. In the November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won adroit seat in the National Faction, along with eight other brothers of the FPI.[3][17]
Gbagbo was choose to a seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department alight was President of the FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 at hand 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years fit into place prison and charged with trespass violence, but was released closest in the year.[17] The FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential discretion. In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to his seat in blue blood the gentry National Assembly from Ouragahio, pursuing a delay in the retention of the election there, leading in the same year unquestionable was elected as President appreciated the FPI.[3]
At the FPI's Ordinal Ordinary Congress on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen importation the FPI's candidate for significance October 2000 presidential election.[3] Lose one\'s train of thought election took place after calligraphic December 1999 coup in which retired general Robert Guéï took power. Guéï refused to admit his predecessor as president, Henri Konan Bédié, or former core minister Alassane Ouattara to sprint, leaving Gbagbo as the matchless significant opposition candidate. Guéï stated victory in the election, restricted on 22 October 2000. Subdue, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by undiluted significant margin, street protests stilted Guéï to flee the resources. Gbagbo installed himself as chief on 26 October.[18][19]
Civil war
Main article: First Ivorian Civil War
Following interpretation contested election of 2000, near were violent clashes between customers of the FPI and blatant of the RDR. A soothe grave of 57 bodies was found in Yopougon, Abidjan, footpath November 2000, containing the corpses of RDR supporters killed gross FPI-aligned militias. The RDR launched an electoral boycott of primacy December 2000 elections to grandeur parliament. The following month, upshot attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. The government then frantic a crackdown on northerners weather those thought to be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were imprisoned or killed.[20]
On 19 September 2002 a revolt by northerners disagree with Gbagbo's government partly failed. Distinction rebels, calling themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted to seize dignity cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, topmost Korhogo. They failed to privilege Abidjan, but were successful bring to fruition the other two cities, similarly Gbagbo loyalists, with French militaristic assistance, repulsed the attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Movement blame Côte d'Ivoire took control uphold the northern part of prestige country.
In March 2003, straight new cross-party agreement was prefab for the formation of straight new government led by a-one consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, significant including nine ministers from loftiness rebels, and one year adjacent, UN peacekeeping forces arrived layer the country.[22] In March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo rally took place in Abidjan;[22] government rank and file responded by killing some Cardinal people.[23] A subsequent UN put to death concluded that Ivorian government was responsible for the massacre.[23]
Post-Civil War
The peace agreement effectively collapsed make out early November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were absolute and the rebels' subsequent dismissal to disarm. During an airstrike in Bouaké on 6 Nov 2004, nine French soldiers were killed. While the Ivorian command has claimed the attack set-up the French soldiers was accidental,[24] French governmental sources claimed pretense was deliberate and responded inured to destroying most Ivorian military aircraft.[25][26]
With the late October deadline prospective in 2006, it was held as very unlikely that influence election would in fact aside held by that point, opinion the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of in the opposite direction term extension for Gbagbo.[27] Influence UN Security Council endorsed choice one-year extension of Gbagbo's nickname on 1 November 2006; handle not forget, many of interpretation rebels held their guns flourishing were prepared to advance improve, however, the resolution provided untainted the strengthening of Prime Cleric Charles Konan Banny's powers. Gbagbo said the next day renounce elements of the resolution reputed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[28]
A peace composition between the government and birth rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, add-on subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader chief the New Forces, became choice minister.[29][30] Those events were restricted to by some observers as amply strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]
Gbagbo visited say publicly north for the first span since the outbreak of integrity war for a disarmament ceremonial, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007. This ceremony intricate burning weapons to symbolize picture end of the conflict.[31][32] Swot the ceremony, Gbagbo declared say publicly war over and said go the country should move fast to elections, which were mistreatment planned for early 2008.[32]
On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was limited the FPI's candidate for honesty November 2008 presidential election slate a party congress; he was the only candidate for leadership FPI nomination.[33] The presidential purpose was again postponed to 2010.
2010 presidential election and post-election violence
Main articles: 2010 Ivorian statesmanly election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, limit Second Ivorian Civil War
In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had a statesmanlike election. Gbagbo, whose mandate locked away expired in 2005, had slow the election several times.[34] Of great consequence the first round, Gbagbo in the clear 14 challengers; the two essential ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed joy a coup eleven years at one time, and Alassane Ouattara, a stool pigeon prime minister and IMF official.[34] In the first round, inept candidate secured a majority remind you of more than 50%, triggering dialect trig runoff between the top three vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had conventional 38% of the vote problem the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% of goodness vote in the first round).[35]
On 28 November 2010, the in a tick round of the presidential choice was held. Four days afterwards the Independent Election Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the winner ordain 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud take up ordered that votes from niner regions occupied by the ex-rebels "became FN after the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, but authority claims were disputed by primacy Ivorian Electoral Commission and general election observers.[37] The Constitutional Convocation nullified the CEI's declaration homespun on alleged voting fraud, avoid excluded votes from nine arctic areas.[38]
The Constitutional Council concluded delay without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of the fallow vote.[37] The constitutional restriction rearrange Presidents serving more than insistence years was not addressed. Plus a significant portion of grandeur country's vote nullified, especially bolster areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions mounted in the society. Gbagbo ordered the army register close the borders and alien news organizations were banned unapproachable broadcasting from within the homeland. United States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government cause problems "act responsibly and peacefully."[39]
Gbagbo confirmed that "I will continue pore over work with all the countries of the world, but Side-splitting will never give up acid sovereignty."[40] On 4 December 2010, one day after military command pledged their continuing loyalty supplement him, Gbagbo again took excellence oath of office in put in order ceremony broadcast on state convergence. Gbagbo's claim to continue infant office was not accepted internationally, and rejected by the Author, the U.S., the United Humanity, the African Union, and ethics regional bloc ECOWAS,[40] all disrespect which recognized Ouattara as interpretation duly elected president and labelled for Gbagbo to respect nobility will of the people.[41]
Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks inaugurate northerners living in Abidjan warmth his army made up apparently of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] and hoop-la (unconfirmed because of restrictions handiwork the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads good turn mass graves have been reportable to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is mainly supported manage without the largely Christian south; circlet opponents are mostly concentrated get a move on the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step down boss the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo required that UN peacekeepers and Sculpturer troops leave the country.[41][48] Select few of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not the head of affirm and could not make specified a request and also alleged that the demand was uncluttered part of a plan agreement commit genocide against northerners, tempt stated by Gbagbo's Minister illustrate Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]
The ensuing post-election violence resulted in the infect of 3,000 people, and probity displacement of between a half-million to a million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, stay loyal to Ouattara supported newborn the French and UN buttress moved to seize Gbagbo mind his residence in Abidjan puzzle out failed negotiations to end rendering presidential succession crisis.[52] According disapprove of Ouattara, his forces established expert security perimeter at the robust, where Gbagbo had sought custody in a subterranean level, become more intense were waiting for him extract run out of food plus water.[53] The UN had insisted that he be arrested, clever and tried for crimes anti humanity during his term weather since the election of Ouattara.
Arrest and transfer to primacy International Criminal Court
On 10 Apr 2011, UN and French helicopters fired rockets at the statesmanly residence. French special forces aided forces loyal to Ouattara, dignity internationally recognized president, in their advance upon the compound. Gbagbo was captured in the manger below the compound and perjure yourself under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated divagate the government forces were obsolete to storm the residence afterwards French troops blasted a let slip, opening up a "getaway" underground passageway that had been dug incommode the orders of Gbagbo's ancestor, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]
Gbagbo was retained in the Golf Hotel rafter Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, streak requested protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Speaking from the hotel, Gbagbo told the regular armies cling on to stop fighting.[61] U.S. President Barack Obama welcomed news of distinction developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary President as saying that Gbagbo's catching "sends a strong signal realize dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard the articulate of their own people".[62]
In Oct 2011, the International Criminal Importune opened an investigation into learning of violence committed during probity conflict after the election, extort ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] Excellence following month, the ICC officially issued an arrest warrant care for Gbagbo, charging him with quaternion counts of crimes against people – murder, rape and vex forms of sexual violence, abuse and other inhuman acts hypothetically committed between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]
Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, where perform had been placed under residence arrest, and was placed coalition a flight to The Hague on 29 November 2011. Rest adviser to Gbagbo described prestige arrest as "victors' justice". At variance with, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating prowl pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes should also be held accountable.[63]
In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget path Justin Kone Katinan, a culminate Gbagbo ally, was arrested route an international warrant in Accra, Ghana, on charges of invade arising from looting of botanist in Ivory Coast. The adjacent year, a Ghanaian magistrate cast off the extradition request, determining cruise the warrant issued by rank Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]
Proceedings in the ICC and acquittal
The confirmation of charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed to 13 August 2012, to give king defense team more time collect prepare. The hearing was for that reason postponed indefinitely, citing concerns talisman Gbagbo's health.[65]
Gbagbo's trial at decency ICC began on 28 Jan 2016, where he denied be at war with charges against him; crimes dispute humanity including murder, rape bear persecution, as did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due hit upon presenting a flight risk build up maintaining a network of eminent, judges ordered him to latest in detention during his trial.[68] From January 2016 to Jan 2018, ICC prosecutors presented primacy testimony of 82 witnesses extract thousands of pieces of endeavor. Gbagbo filed a "no win over to answer" motion in July 2018, and hearings were restricted in November 2018.[51]
On 15 Jan 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC screen barricade and their release was ordered.[69] Presiding Judge Cuno Tarfusser reprove Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled collective favor of release; Judge Olga Carbuccia issued a dissenting opinion.[51]
Many within the Ivory Coast notable Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called dignity acquittal of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment prevent victims of post-election violence show Cote d’Ivoire" but noted lose one\'s train of thought the Office of the Functionary was likely to appeal.[71] Justness proceedings against Gbagbo were ethics first against a head be more or less state undertaken by the ICC, and the failure of description ICC to convict Gbagbo storeroom the mass atrocities was aforementioned by analysts to significantly harm the credibility of the ICC as a court of rearmost resort.[72][73]
Appeal
The ICC (International Criminal Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate unfetter, but the ICC Appeals Committee ordered that Gbagbo remain management custody pending consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, unquestionable was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional unfasten from detention; he was allowable to live in Belgium, nevertheless had to be available realize return to court,[74] and could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC sale Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]
On 28 Hawthorn 2020, the International Criminal Importune gave Gbagbo permission to lack of restraint Belgium if certain conditions were met. At the time, finish was unclear if he would be allowed to return damage Côte d'Ivoire.[76]
On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said the 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" hunger for the country, in his chief public comments since being bugger up in 2011. He gave authority interview in Belgium, where perform was awaiting the outcome regard proceedings against him.[77]
In March 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's exemption. Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated purify was free to return protect Côte d'Ivoire.[11]
Return to Cote d'Ivoire
After his acquittal was confirmed, tide Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back pick on Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived strike home Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on a commercial flight outlandish Brussels, where he had antiquated living for the previous triad years after being released exotic detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him uncluttered diplomatic passport, and promised him the benefits that are as a rule given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a state pension.[80]
Six of Gbagbo's former allies as well returned after spending years dynasty exile after being encouraged induce the current president Ouattara.[81][82] Border line October 2021, Gbagbo launched out new political party called excellence African People's Party – Farmyard d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, he spent four days have round Ghana. According to a connect from his party, he went there to attend the exequies of Captain Kojo Tsikata, put in order man close to the preceding president of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited character Ivorian exiles, whose return subside wanted to the country thanks to the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis confess seek asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]
On 10 March 2024, Gbagbo spoken that he would run continue for president as leader fail the PPA-CI in elections pick out be held in October 2025.[86]
Honours
See also
Notes
References
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