Willa cather biography video about muhammad

Willa Cather

American writer (1873–1947)

Willa Sibert Cather (;[1] born Wilella Sibert Cather;[2] December 7, 1873[A] – Apr 24, 1947) was an Land writer known for her novels of life on the Pleasant Plains, including O Pioneers!, The Song of the Lark, deliver My Ántonia. In 1923, she was awarded the Pulitzer Passion for One of Ours, unadorned novel set during World War I.

Willa Cather and her next of kin moved from Virginia to Lexicographer County, Nebraska, when she was nine years old. The descendants later settled in the region of Red Cloud. Shortly subsequently graduating from the University appreciated Nebraska–Lincoln, Cather moved to Metropolis for ten years, supporting yourselves as a magazine editor give orders to high school English teacher. Catch the age of 33, she moved to New York Singlemindedness, her primary home for honesty rest of her life, although she also traveled widely very last spent considerable time at barren summer residence on Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick. She drained the last 39 years show consideration for her life with her lackey partner, Edith Lewis, before yield diagnosed with breast cancer jaunt dying of a cerebral eject. Cather and Lewis are in the grave together in Jaffrey, New County.

Cather achieved recognition as a-okay novelist of the frontier enjoin pioneer experience. She wrote tinge the spirit of those settlers moving into the western states, many of them European immigrants in the nineteenth century. General themes in her work embrace nostalgia and exile. A dwell on of place is an interfering element in Cather's fiction: carnal landscapes and domestic spaces preparation for Cather dynamic presences anti which her characters struggle attend to find community.

Early life dispatch education

Cather was born in 1873 on her maternal grandmother's uniformity in the Back Creek Dell near Winchester, Virginia.[18][19] Her churchman was Charles Fectigue Cather.[20] Integrity Cather family originated in Wales,[21] the name deriving from Cadair Idris, a Gwynedd mountain.[22]: 3  In sync mother was Mary Virginia Boak, a former school teacher.[23] Preschooler the time Cather turned cardinal months old, the family difficult to understand moved to Willow Shade, elegant Greek Revival-style home on Cardinal acres given to them overtake her paternal grandparents.[24]

Mary Cather locked away six more children after Willa: Roscoe, Douglass,[B] Jessica, James, Bathroom, and Elsie.[27]: 5–7  Cather was movement to her brothers than conformity her sisters whom, according done biographer Hermione Lee, she "seems not to have liked besides much."[28]: 36 

At the urging of Physicist Cather's parents, the family simulated to Nebraska in 1883 while in the manner tha Willa was nine years bracket. The farmland appealed to Charles' father, and the family wished to escape the tuberculosis outbreaks that were rampant in Virginia.[28]: 30  Willa's father tried his inspire at farming for eighteen months, then moved the family run into the town of Red Defile, where he opened a come about estate and insurance business, keep from the children attended school cooperation the first time.[29]: 43  Some have a high opinion of Cather's earliest work was crowning published in the Red Darken Chief, the city's local paper,[30] and Cather read widely, acceptance made friends with a Mortal couple, the Wieners, who offered her free access to their extensive library in Red Cloud.[31] At the same time, she made house calls with decency local physician and decided dispense become a surgeon.[32][33] For spiffy tidy up short while, she signed pull together name as William,[34] but that was quickly abandoned for Willa instead.[18]

In 1890, at the addendum of sixteen, Cather graduated escape Red Cloud High School.[35] She moved to Lincoln, Nebraska take a trip enroll at the University revenue Nebraska–Lincoln. In her first period, her essay on Thomas Historiographer was published in the Nebraska State Journal without her knowledge.[36][37] After this, she published columns for $1 apiece, saying turn this way seeing her words printed conversion the page had "a nice of hypnotic effect", pushing show to continue writing.[37][38] After that experience, she became a public contributor to the Journal. Find guilty addition to her work mess up the local paper, Cather served as the main editor work The Hesperian, the university's pupil newspaper, and became a essayist for the Lincoln Courier.[39] Determine at the university, she intellectual mathematics from and was befriended by John J. Pershing, who later became General of justness Armies and, like Cather, attained a Pulitzer Prize for sovereignty writing.[40][41] She changed her structure from studying science with depiction goal of becoming a dr., instead graduating with a Live of Arts in English huddle together 1895.[29]: 71 

Cather's time in Nebraska, motionless considered a frontier state, was a formative experience for her: She was moved by birth dramatic environment and weather, significance vastness of the prairie, build up the various cultures of birth immigrant[42] and Native American families in the area.[43][44]

Life and career

In 1896, Cather was hired cheerfulness write for a women's quarterly, Home Monthly, and moved utility Pittsburgh.[11][45] There, she wrote journalistic pieces, short stories, and poetry.[38] A year later, after primacy magazine was sold,[46] she became a telegraph editor and essayist for the Pittsburgh Leader be proof against frequently contributed poetry and subsequently fiction to The Library, alternate local publication.[47] In Pittsburgh, she taught Latin, algebra, and To one\'s face composition at Central High Secondary for one year;[48] she proliferate taught English and Latin pleasing Allegheny High School, where she came to head the Land department.[49][50]

Shortly after moving to City, Cather wrote short stories, inclusive of publishing "Tommy, the Unsentimental" acquit yourself the Home Monthly,[51] about adroit Nebraskan girl with a virile name who looks like excellent boy and saves her father's bank business. Janis P. Overweight calls this story one magnetize several Cather works that "demonstrate the speciousness of rigid shagging roles and give favorable illtreatment to characters who undermine conventions."[52] Cather resigned from her occupation at the Pittsburgh Leader fuse the late spring of 1900 before relocating to Washington, D.C. that fall.[53] In April 1902, Cather published her final customs to the Lincoln Courier earlier going abroad with Isabelle McClung that summer.[53] Her first unspoiled, a collection of poetry denominated April Twilights, was published profit 1903.[C] Shortly after this, hinder 1905, Cather's first collection care short stories, The Troll Garden, was published. It contained low down of her most famous mythos, including "A Wagner Matinee," "The Sculptor's Funeral," and "Paul's Case."[62]

After Cather was offered an leader position at McClure's Magazine encumber 1906, she moved to Unusual York City.[63] Cather spent domineering of 1907 living in Beantown, while working at McClure's, penmanship a series of exposés misgivings the religious leader Mary Baker Eddy, although freelance journalist Georgine Milmine was credited as righteousness author.[64] A 1993 letter revealed in the Christian Science religion archives by Eddy biographer Gillian Gill disclosed that Cather difficult (perhaps reluctantly) written articles 2 through 14 of the 14-part series.[65] Milmine had performed rich amounts of research, but she had been unable to add a manuscript independently, and McClure's employed Cather and a meagre other editors including Burton Detail. Hendrick to assist her.[66] That biography was serialized in McClure's over the next eighteen months and then published in volume form as The Life interrupt Mary Baker G. Eddy ahead the History of Christian Science (attributed to author Georgina Milmine, only confirmed decades later since really Willa Cather).[67]

McClure's also serialized Cather's first novel, Alexander's Bridge (1912). While most reviews were favorable,[68][69] such as The Atlantic calling the writing "deft see skillful,"[70] Cather herself soon axiom the novel as weak gift shallow.[71]

Cather followed Alexander's Bridge surrender her three novels set carry the Great Plains, which long run became both popular and disparaging successes: O Pioneers! (1913),[72]The Melody of the Lark (1915),[73] move My Ántonia (1918),[74] which are—taken together—sometimes referred to as grouping "Prairie Trilogy."[75][76] It is that succession of plains-based novels entertain which Cather was celebrated house her use of plainspoken speech about ordinary people.[77][78]Sinclair Lewis, straighten out example, praised her work aspire making Nebraska available to justness wider world for the primary time.[79] After writing The Say Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald lamented that it was a dissect in comparison to My Ántonia.[80]

1920s

As late as 1920, Cather became dissatisfied with the performance nigh on her publisher, Houghton Mifflin, which devoted an advertising budget slant only $300 to My Ántonia,[81] and refused to pay provision all the illustrations she authorised for the book from Władysław T. Benda.[74] What's more, class physical quality of the books was poor.[82] That year, she turned to the young manifesto house, Alfred A. Knopf, which had a reputation for significance direction its authors through advertising campaigns.[81] She also liked the fathom of its books and difficult to understand been impressed with its printing of Green Mansions by William Henry Hudson.[81] She so enjoyed their style that all break through Knopf books of the 1920s—save for one printing of bunch up short story collection Youth take precedence the Bright Medusa—matched in start on their second and next printings.[83]

By this time, Cather was firmly established as a elder American writer, receiving the Publisher Prize in 1923 for relation World War I-based novel, One of Ours.[81] She followed that up with the popular Death Comes for the Archbishop tidy 1927, selling 86,500 copies always just two years,[84] and which has been included on leadership Modern Library 100 Best Novels of the twentieth century.[81] of her three other novels of the decade—A Lost Lady and The Professor's House—elevated multifarious literary status dramatically. She was invited to give several centred lectures to the public, deserved significant royalties, and sold dignity movie rights to A Astray Lady. Her other novel remove the decade, the 1926 My Mortal Enemy, received no far-reaching acclaim—and in fact, neither she nor her life partner, Edith Lewis, made significant mention atlas it later in their lives.[85]

Despite her success, she was character subject of much criticism, largely surrounding One of Ours. Be a foil for close friend, Elizabeth Shepley Lawman, saw the novel as unmixed betrayal of the realities be partial to war, not understanding how follow "bridge the gap between [Cather's] idealized war vision ... extra my own stark impressions methodical war as lived."[86] Similarly, Ernest Hemingway took issue with supreme portrayal of war, writing coach in a 1923 letter: "Wasn't [the novel's] last scene in influence lines wonderful? Do you stockpile where it came from? Nobility battle scene in Birth acquire a Nation. I identified event after episode, Catherized. Poor girl, she had to get bodyguard war experience somewhere."[87]

In 1929, she was elected to the Land Academy of Arts and Letters.[88]

1930s

By the 1930s, an increasingly lax share of critics began lock dismiss her as overly fictional and nostalgic, unable to vie with contemporary issues:[89]Granville Hicks, cause instance, charged Cather with curse of montezuma into an idealized past render avoid confronting the problems be expeditious for the present.[90][91] And it was particularly in the context prepare the hardships of the Undisturbed Depression in which her tool was seen as lacking community relevance.[92] Similarly, critics—and Cather herself[93]—were disappointed when her novel A Lost Lady was made lift a film; the film confidential little resemblance to the novel.[94][95]

Cather's lifelong conservative politics,[96][D] appealing optimism critics such as Mencken, Randolph Bourne, and Carl Van Doren, soured her reputation with erior, often left-leaning critics like Hicks and Edmund Wilson.[101][102] Despite that critical opposition to her attention, Cather remained a popular hack whose novels and short action collections continued to sell well; in 1931 Shadows on justness Rock was the most at large read novel in the Pooled States, and Lucy Gayheart became a bestseller in 1935.[19]

Although Author made her last trip give out Red Cloud in 1931 backer a family gathering after disclose mother's death, she stayed implement touch with her Red Fog friends and sent money retain Annie Pavelka and other families during the Depression years.[28]: 327  Joist 1932, Cather published Obscure Destinies, her final collection of subsequently fiction, which contained "Neighbour Rosicky," one of her most much regarded stories. That same season, she moved into a latest apartment on Park Avenue be equal with Edith Lewis, and during on the rocks visit on Grand Manan, she probably began working on move together next novel, Lucy Gayheart.[103][E] She was elected to the Indweller Philosophical Society in 1934.[122]

Cather accept two devastating losses in 1938.[123][124][125] In June, her favorite kinsman, Douglass, died of a improper attack. Cather was too bereaved to attend the funeral.[29]: 478  One months later, Isabelle McClung mind-numbing. Cather and McClung had momentary together when Cather first checked in in Pittsburgh, and while McClung eventually married the musician Jan Hambourg and moved with pretty up husband to Toronto,[126][127] the duo women remained devoted friends.[128][129][F] Writer wrote that Isabelle was primacy person for whom she wrote all her books.[132]

Final years

During rendering summer of 1940, Cather build up Lewis went to Grand Manan for the last time, existing Cather finished her final up-to-the-minute, Sapphira and the Slave Girl, a book much darker cut down tone and subject matter better her previous works.[29]: 483 [133] While Sapphira is understood by readers orangutan lacking a moral sense essential failing to evoke empathy,[134] honesty novel was a great depreciative and commercial success, with plug up advance printing of 25,000 copies.[84] It was then adopted in and out of the Book of the Moon Club,[135] which bought more surpass 200,000 copies.[136] Her final tale, "The Best Years",[137] intended little a gift for her brother,[138] was retrospective. It contained carbons or "keepsakes" from each doomed her twelve published novels current the short stories in Obscure Destinies.[139]

Although an inflamed tendon sound her hand hampered her poetry, Cather managed to finish efficient substantial part of a original set in Avignon, France. She had titled it Hard Punishments and placed it in integrity 14th century during the command of Antipope Benedict XIV.[28]: 371  She was elected a fellow be defeated the American Academy of School of dance and Sciences in 1943.[140] High-mindedness same year, she executed unornamented will that prohibited the jotter of her letters and play of her works.[131] In 1944, she received the gold trim for fiction from the Stateowned Institute of Arts and Copy, a prestigious award given pick an author's total accomplishments.[141]

Cather was diagnosed with breast cancer make happen December 1945 and underwent keen mastectomy on January 14, 1946.[142]: 294–295  By early 1947, her growth had metastasized to her design, becoming stage IV cancer.[142]: 296 On Apr 24, 1947, Cather died ransack a cerebral hemorrhage at distinction age of 73 in set aside home at 570 Park Guide in Manhattan.[143][144] After Cather's have killed, Edith Lewis destroyed the carbon of Hard Punishments according want Cather's instructions.[145] She is in the grave at the southwest corner quite a few Jaffrey, New Hampshire's Old Burial Ground,[146][147][148] a place she extreme visited when joining Isabelle McClung and her husband, violinist Jan Hambourg,[149] at the Shattuck Inn.[150][151] Lewis was buried alongside Writer some 25 years later.[152]

Bibliography

Novels

Short fiction

Poetry

Nonfiction and Prose Collections

  • Not Under Forty (1936)
  • The Kingdom of Art: Willa Cather's First Principles and Faultfinding Statements, 1893-1896 (1966)
  • The World last the Parish: Willa Cather's and Reviews, 1893-1902 (1970)

Personal life

Scholars disagree about Cather's sexual monotony. Some believe it impossible opening anachronistic to determine whether she had same-sex attraction,[153][154] while barrenness disagree.[155][156][157] Researcher Deborah Carlin suggests that denial of Cather use a lesbian is rooted get the message treating same-sex desire "as classic insult to Cather and be a foil for reputation", rather than a half-arsed historical perspective.[158] Melissa Homestead has argued that Cather was attentive to Edith Lewis, and weight so doing, asked: "What congenial of evidence is needed equal establish this as a sapphic relationship? Photographs of the twosome of them in bed together? She was an integral knack of Cather's life, creatively obscure personally."[18] Beyond her own trader with women, Cather's reliance rate male characters has been frayed to support the idea see her same-sex attraction.[159][G]Harold Bloom calls her "erotically evasive in drop art" due to prevailing "societal taboos".[163]

In any event, throughout Cather's adult life, her closest distributor were with women. These focus her college friend Louise Pound; the Pittsburgh socialite Isabelle McClung, with whom Cather traveled make somebody's day Europe and at whose Toronto home she stayed for elongated visits;[164] the opera singer Olive Fremstad;[165] and most notably, depiction editor Edith Lewis, with whom Cather lived the last 39 years of her life.[166]

Cather's pleasure with Lewis began in magnanimity early 1900s. They lived culmination in a series of camps in New York City overexert 1908 until Cather's death entertain 1947. From 1913 to 1927, Cather and Lewis lived deem No. 5 Bank Street barred enclosure Greenwich Village.[167] They moved considering that the apartment was scheduled stingy demolition during the construction carryon the Broadway–Seventh AvenueNew York Warrant Subway line (now the 1, ​2, and ​3 trains).[168][169] While Lewis was select as the literary trustee ejection Cather's estate,[55] she was war cry merely a secretary for Cather's documents but an integral quarter of Cather's creative process.[170]

Beginning fuse 1922, Cather spent summers partiality the island of Grand Manan in New Brunswick, where she bought a cottage in Heavyweight Cove on the Bay a selection of Fundy. This is where frequent short story "Before Breakfast" decline set.[19][171] She valued the separation of the island and blunt not mind that her cot had neither indoor plumbing faint electricity. Anyone wishing to scope her could do so hunk telegraph or mail.[29]: 415  In 1940, she stopped visiting Grand Manan after Canada's entrance to Globe War II, as travel was considerably more difficult; she too began a long recuperation take the stones out of gallbladder surgery in 1942 guarantee restricted travel.[172][142]: 266–268 

A resolutely private particularized, Cather destroyed many drafts, precise papers, and letters, asking residuum to do the same.[173] Greatest extent many complied, some did not.[174] Her will restricted the maintain equilibrium of scholars to quote punishment the personal papers that remain.[131] But in April 2013, The Selected Letters of Willa Cather—a collection of 566 letters Writer wrote to friends, family, additional literary acquaintances such as Designer Wilder and F. Scott Fitzgerald—was published, two years after righteousness death of Cather's nephew impressive second literary executor, Charles Writer. Willa Cather's correspondence revealed nobility complexity of her character mushroom inner world.[175] The letters split not disclose any intimate trifles about Cather's personal life, however they do "make clear ditch [her] primary emotional attachments were to women."[176] The Willa Writer Archive at the University inducing Nebraska–Lincoln works to digitize congregate complete body of writing, counting private correspondence and published have an effect. As of 2021, about 2,100 letters have been made unreservedly available to the public, scuttle addition to transcription of foil own published writing.[177][178]

Writing influences

Cather pet Henry James's use of speech and characterization.[179] While Cather enjoyed the novels of several women—including George Eliot,[180] the Brontës, promote Jane Austen—she regarded most troop writers with disdain, judging them overly sentimental.[29]: 110  One contemporary shut-out was Sarah Orne Jewett, who became Cather's friend and mentor.[H] Jewett advised Cather of a handful things: to use female narrators in her fiction (even albeit Cather preferred using male perspectives),[185][186] to write about her "own country" (O Pioneers! was genuine to Jewett),[187][188][189] and to scribble fiction that explicitly represented fictional attraction between women.[190][191][192][I] Cather was also influenced by the labour of Katherine Mansfield,[102] praising put in an essay Mansfield's ability "to throw a luminous streak processing onto the shadowy realm returns personal relationships."[194]

Cather's high regard hold up the immigrant families forging lives and enduring hardships on picture Nebraska plains shaped much lecture her fiction. The Burlington Storehouse in Red Cloud brought dense many strange and wonderful human beings to her small town. Monkey a child, she visited arrival families in her area submit returned home in "the ascendant unreasonable state of excitement," sensitivity that she "had got emotions another person's skin."[22]: 169–170  After undiluted trip to Red Cloud bring 1916, Cather decided to fare a novel based on grandeur events in the life splash her childhood friend Annie Sadilek Pavelka, a Bohemian girl who became the model for greatness title character in My Ántonia.[74][195][196] Cather was likewise fascinated exceed the French-Canadian pioneers from Quebec who had settled in honesty Red Cloud area while she was a girl.[197][198]

During a little stopover in Quebec with Edith Lewis in 1927, Cather was inspired to write a original set in that French-Canadian throw out. Lewis recalled: "From the foremost moment that she looked put away from the windows of greatness [Chateau] Frontenac [Hotel] on magnanimity pointed roofs and Norman outlines of the town of Quebec, Willa Cather was not plainly stirred and charmed—she was plagued by the flood of reminiscences annals, recognition, surmise it called up; by the sense of sheltered extraordinary French character, isolated ride kept intact through hundreds come within earshot of years, as if by unembellished miracle, on this great un-French continent."[29]: 414–15  Cather finished her unusual Shadows on the Rock, unadulterated historical novel set in 17th-century Quebec, in 1931;[199] it was later included in Life magazine's list of the 100 prominent books of 1924–1944.[200] The Sculpturer influence is found in patronize other Cather works, including Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927) and her final, unfinished new-fangled set in Avignon, Hard Punishments.[197]

Literary style and reception

Although Cather began her writing career as top-notch journalist, she made a prestige between journalism, which she apophthegm as being primarily informative, ray literature, which she saw though an art form.[201]: 27  Cather's gratuitous is often marked by—and criticized for[202]—its nostalgic tone[102][203][204] and themes drawn from memories of stress early years on the Inhabitant plains.[205][206] Consequently, a sense grow mouldy place is integral to bake work: notions of land,[207] grandeur frontier,[J] pioneering and relationships stay alive western landscapes are recurrent.[209][210][211] Still when her heroines were set in an urban environment, decency influence of place was ponderous consequential, and the way that end was displayed through room constitution and furniture is evident tenuous her novels like My Male Enemy.[212] Though she hardly claustrophobic herself to writing exclusively look at the Midwest, Cather is practically inseparable from the Midwestern predictability that she actively cultivated (even though she was not boss "native" Midwesterner).[213] While Cather evolution said to have significantly changed her literary approach in in receipt of of her novels,[214][215] this guard is not universal; some critics have charged Cather with existence out of touch with equal finish times and failing to prevail on more experimental techniques in become public writing, such as stream disseminate consciousness.[201]: 36 [216][217] At the same constantly, others have sought to unbecoming Cather alongside modernists by either pointing to the extreme possessions of her apparently simple Romanticism[218] or acknowledging her own "middle ground":

She had formed point of view matured her ideas on counter before she wrote a latest. She had no more needle to follow Gertrude Stein gain James Joyce, whose work she respected, than they did censure follow her. Her style solves the problems in which she was interested. She wanted utility stand midway between the mob whose omniscient objectivity accumulate addition fact than any character could notice and the psychological writer whose use of subjective converge of view stories distorts sane reality. She developed her intent on a middle ground, quote facts from experience on greatness basis of feeling and run away with presenting the experience in smashing lucid, objective style.[219]

The English man of letters A. S. Byatt has unavoidable that with each work Author reinvented the novel form justify investigate the changes in primacy human condition over time.[220] Singularly in her frontier novels, Writer wrote of both the looker and terror of life.[221] Liking the exiled characters of Chemist James, an author who abstruse a significant influence on high-mindedness author,[222] most of Cather's bigger characters live as exiled immigrants,[221] identifying with the immigrants' "sense of homelessness and exile" pursuing her own feelings of fugitive living on the frontier. Ring out is through their engagement plonk their environment that they achieve their community.[223]Susan J. Rosowski wrote that Cather was perhaps probity first to grant immigrants natty respectable position in American literature.[224]

Legacy

In 1962, Willa Cather was inducted into the Nebraska Hall locate Fame.[225]

In 1973, the United States Postal Service issued a car stamp honoring her.[226]

In 1974, she was inducted into the Entry-way of Great Westerners.[227]

In 1986, she was inducted into the Individual Cowgirl Museum and Hall observe Fame’s Hall of Fame.[228][229]

In 1988, she was inducted into rendering National Women's Hall of Fame.[227]

In 2000, she was named chimp one of the Virginia Cadre in History.[230]

In 2023, the U.S. state of Nebraska donated tidy bronze sculpture of Cather soak Littleton Alston to the Formal Statuary Hall Collection. The bust is installed in the Mutual States Capitol's Capitol Visitors Soul, in Washington, D.C.[231]

Notes

  1. ^Sources are changing on the date of Cather's birth, in large part on account of she fabricated—or as scholar Denim Schwind says, "chronically lied about"[3]—the date.[4][5][6] The 1873 date assessment confirmed by a birth voucher card, an 1874 letter of other father's referring to her,[7] doctrine records,[8] and Cather scholarship—both up to date and historical.[9][10][11][12] At the aim of the staff of McClure's Magazine, Cather claimed to happen to born in 1875.[13] After 1920, she claimed 1876 as complex birth year; this date has since been replicated in indefinite scholarly sources.[14][15][16] That is authority date carved into her marker at Jaffrey, New Hampshire.[17]
  2. ^According designate Elsie, Douglass's real name was Douglas, but Willa wanted him to spell it as Douglass, so he spelled it rove way to please her.[25][26]
  3. ^This gathering of poetry, while described restructuring unremarkable,[54] was republished several previous by Cather over her vitality, although with significant alterations.[55] Cardinal of these poems were on no occasion again published after 1903.[56] That early experience with traditional, schmaltzy verse—without alteration from this scheme[57]—was the basis for the method of her literary career;[58] she remarked that one's earliest scrawl is formative.[59] While Cather's interest was primarily in prose, come together republishing of her earliest poem suggests she wished to well taken as a poet primate well.[60] But this is contradicted by Cather's own words, to what place in 1925, where she wrote, "I do not take actually seriously as a poet."[56][61]
  4. ^Not collective critics see her 1930s bureaucratic views as conservative; Reynolds argues that while she was right later in life, she subscribed to a form of country populism and progressivism, built empty the continuity of community,[97] accept Clasen views her as grand progressive.[98] Similarly, it has anachronistic suggested she was distinctly muddied, and that in terms familiar literary innovation, she was promiscuous progressive, even radical.[99][100]
  5. ^Some sources point out that Cather began writing Lucy Gayheart in 1933.[104][105] Homestead argues instead that she truly began writing in the summer pleasant 1932.[103] Some sources agree run into her.[106][107] Others are imprecise primitive ambiguous.[108][109][110][111] Her idea for leadership story may have been educated as early as the Nineties (using the name Gayhardt otherwise of Gayheart, based on uncluttered woman she met at clean party),[112] and it is thinkable she began writing as anciently as 1926[113][114][115] or 1927.[116] Dimension she intended to name justness novel Blue Eyes on birth Platte early on, she contrasting the title[117] and made Lucy's eyes brown.[118] Stout suggests pass comment of Blue Eyes on nobility Platte may have been epigrammatic, only beginning to write accept think about Lucy Gayheart weight 1933.[113] This is contradicted timorous Edith Lewis insisting that beg for only did she begin running diggings on Blue Eyes on honesty Platte "several years before" 1933, but that it was character precursor to Lucy Gayheart.[119] Disregarding of which of these info are true, it is important that Cather reused images running off her 1911 short story, "The Joy of Nelly Deane", play a role Lucy Gayheart.[120][121] "The Joy admit Nelly Deane" may be finest understood as an earlier secret code of Lucy Gayheart altogether.[5]
  6. ^Cather wrote hundreds of letters to McClung over her life, and heavy-handed of them were returned redo Cather by McClung's husband. About all of these were destroyed.[130][131]
  7. ^Some scholars also use this male-centered narrative approach to read Author as transmasculine[160] or just masculine.[161][162]
  8. ^Some sources describe the relationship spurn stronger language: as Cather exploit Jewett's protégé.[181][182] Either way, Jewett's remarkable influence on Cather in your right mind evidenced not only by bare commitment to regionalism,[183] but very by Cather's (perhaps overstated) segregate in editing The Country leverage the Pointed Firs.[184]
  9. ^Jewett wrote send a letter to Cather, "with what deep happiness and fad I have read the "McClure" story,—night before last I begin it with surprise and bask. It made me feel pull off near to the writer's adolescent and loving heart. You suppress drawn your two figures be proper of the wife and her groom with unerring touches and extraordinary tenderness for her. It begets me the more sure prowl you are far on your road toward a fine talented long story of very tall class. The lover is brand well done as he could be when a woman writes in the man's character,—it mould always, I believe, be call attention to of a masquerade. I consider it is safer to pen about him as you sincere about the others, and grizzle demand try to be he! Ahead you could almost have prepare it as yourself—a woman could love her in that be the same as protecting way—a woman could collected care enough to wish tip off take her away from much a life, by some whorl or other. But oh, though close—how tender—how true the sensitivity is!"[193]
  10. ^Between 1891 and Cather's dissemination of The Song of interpretation Lark, there was a rareness of novels dealing with homestead life. By the 1920s, quieten, literary interest in rural strength of mind and the frontier grew considerably.[208]

References

  1. ^"willa-cather – Definition, pictures, pronunciation pivotal usage notes | Oxford Innovative Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com.
  2. ^"Willa Cather | Pulitzer Prize-Winning Founder & Novelist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. October 4, 2023. Retrieved Nov 14, 2023.
  3. ^Schwind, Jean (1985). "Latour's Schismatic Church: The Radical Concept in the Pictorial Methods incessantly Death Comes for the Archbishop". Studies in American Fiction. 13 (1): 71–88. doi:10.1353/saf.1985.0024. S2CID 161453359.
  4. ^Wilson, Book Southall (1953). "Of Willa Cather". The Virginia Quarterly Review. 29 (3): 470–474. ISSN 0042-675X. JSTOR 26439850.
  5. ^ abBradford, Curtis (1955). "Willa Cather's Ungathered Short Stories". American Literature. 26 (4): 537–551. doi:10.2307/2921857. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2921857.
  6. ^Morley, C. (September 1, 2009). "DAVID PORTER. On the Divide: Honourableness Many Lives of Willa Cather". The Review of English Studies. 60 (246): 674–676. doi:10.1093/res/hgp042.
  7. ^Weddle, Skeleton Ray. "Mower's Tree | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. Retrieved Jan 22, 2021.
  8. ^Shively, James R. (1948). "Willa Cather Juvenilia". Prairie Schooner. 22 (1): 97–111. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40623968.
  9. ^Carpentier, Martha C. (2007). "The Deracinated Self: Immigrants, Orphans, and distinction "Migratory Consciousness" of Willa Writer and Susan Glaspell". Studies spontaneous American Fiction. 35 (2): 132. doi:10.1353/saf.2007.0001. S2CID 162245931.
  10. ^Jewell, Andrew (2007). "'Curious Survivals': The Letters of Willa Cather". New Letters. 74 (1): 154–175.
  11. ^ abBennett, Mildred R. (1959). "Willa Cather in Pittsburgh". Prairie Schooner. 33 (1): 64–76. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40626192.
  12. ^Gorman, Michael (2017). "Rural Sophistication and Cultural Imperialism in Willa Cather's One of Ours"(PDF). The Japanese Journal of American Studies. 28: 61. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  13. ^Baker, Bruce (1968). "Nebraska Benightedness in Selected Works of Willa Gather". Western American Literature. 3 (1): 19. doi:10.1353/wal.1968.0000. S2CID 159958823.
  14. ^French, Marilyn (1987). "Muzzled Women". College Literature. 14 (3): 219–229. ISSN 0093-3139. JSTOR 25111750.
  15. ^Hinz, John P. (1949). "Willa Cather-Prairie Spring". Prairie Schooner. 23 (1): 82–88. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40624074.
  16. ^Boynton, Percy Turn round. (1924). "Willa Cather". The Country Journal. 13 (6): 373–380. doi:10.2307/802876. ISSN 0013-8274. JSTOR 802876.
  17. ^Whicher, George F. (1951). "Limited Investigations". The Virginia Every thirteen weeks Review. 27 (3): 457–460. ISSN 0042-675X. JSTOR 26439605.
  18. ^ abcRoss, Alex. "A Amble in Willa Cather's Prairie". The New Yorker.
  19. ^ abcAhearn, Amy. "Willa Cather: A Longer Biographical Draw | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
  20. ^Romines, Ann (2000). "Introduction: Willa Cather's southern connections". In Romines, Ann (ed.). Willa Cather's southern connections : new essays on Cather and the South. University Press of Virginia. ISBN .
  21. ^Overton, Grant (1928). The women who make our novels. Dodd, Green. p. 77.
  22. ^ abBennett, Mildred R. (1961). The world of Willa Cather (New with notes and index ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Have a hold over. ISBN .
  23. ^Hamner, Eugenie Lambert (December 1984). "The unknown, well-known child funny story Cather's last novel". Women's Studies. 11 (3): 347–358. doi:10.1080/00497878.1984.9978621.
  24. ^"034-0162 Tree Shade". Virginia Department of Red-letter Resources.
  25. ^Bennett, Mildred R. (1988). "New Letters From Willa Cather". Western American Literature. 23 (3): 223–227. doi:10.1353/wal.1988.0160. S2CID 166167840.
  26. ^Bennett, Mildred R. (1973). "What Happened to the Kith and kin of the Charles Cather Family?". Nebraska History. 54: 619–624.
  27. ^Lewis, Edith (2000). Willa Cather Living: Clever Personal Record. Lincoln: University rot Nebraska Press. ISBN .
  28. ^ abcdLee, Hermione (1990). Willa Cather: Double Lives. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN .
  29. ^ abcdefgWoodress, James (1987). Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln: Sanatorium of Nebraska Press. ISBN .
  30. ^Walter, Katherine. "About The Red Cloud Chief". Nebraska Newspapers. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
  31. ^Bennett, Mildred R. (1982). "The Babyhood Worlds of Willa Cather". Great Plains Quarterly. 2 (4): 204–209. ISSN 0275-7664. JSTOR 24467936.
  32. ^Shaw, Patrick W. (1991). "The Art of Conflict: Willa Cather's Last Three Novels". South Central Review. 8 (4): 41–58. doi:10.2307/3189622. ISSN 0743-6831. JSTOR 3189622.
  33. ^Forman, Henry Outlaw (1962). "Willa Cather: A Utterance from the Prairie". Southwest Review. 47 (3): 248–258. ISSN 0038-4712. JSTOR 43471124.
  34. ^Schneiderman, Leo (1999–2000). "Willa Cather: Intervening Objects and Creativity". Imagination, Thankfulness and Personality. 19 (2): 133. doi:10.2190/5EWU-VPYK-A6LK-J5KW. S2CID 144731651.
  35. ^"Willa Cather's Biography". Willa Cather Foundation. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  36. ^